WJEC Criminology Unit 3, 2023 with complete solution

Police Officers The first to arrive on scene, the knes that safeguard the public, arrest suspects and secure the crime scene. Golden Hour The period immediately after the crime has happened Police Detectives Specialised police officers that take care of the more serious, complex cases Crime Scene Investigators (CSIs) Or SOCOs - usually civilians rather than police, they are employed by the police and have some type of scientific degree but aren't police. Available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Forensic Scientists and Specialists Aid criminal investigations by collecting and analysing evidence Pathologists They study the chase of diseases and death by carrying out examinations and autopsy's. they're available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The Crown Prosecution Service The independent prosecution agency to take over from the police The National Crime Agency Teams dealing with organised and economical crimes, smuggling, trafficking, child exploitation, online protection and cyber crimes. HM Revenue and Customs Investigates and prosecutes tax evasion and fraud. Intelligence Ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills to a certain topic. The Police National Computer Holds indefinite records of a persons convictions and cautions which will be revealed in a disclosure and barring service check The Police National Database Allows the police to share local information and intelligence on a national basis Crimint and the Gangs Matrix A database of suspected gang members in London, it allows police to identify and risk access gangs and their violence. International Database Allows information to be shared internationally regarding crimes etc. Forensics Application of science to crimes Surveillance Close observation of either a suspected criminals, place or spy, or in some cases anyone involved. Covert Surveillance Cameras in locations that can't be detected unlike CCTV cameras Observation The act of observing someone rather than surveillance of someone/s under suspicion Eye-Witness Testimony An account a victim gives in court - which is seen as solid evidence Acquisition Learning or developing of a skill, habit or quality. Retention Action of absorbing or the continuation of holding a substance Retrieval Process of getting something back from somewhere Expert Witnesses The provide the courts with an opinion that is deemed 'outside information' towards other personnel Typology Focuses primarily on behavioural evidence obtained at the scenes of specific crimes Geographical Profiling Analysis of the locations connected to crimes to determine the most probable area of offender residence The Least Effort Principle Criminal that plans their crime during their daily routine principle that they are making the 'least effort' in moving further way from their living area The Buffer Zone Principle Area around the criminals home in which offences are less likely due to increase in detection risk related to reduced anonymity - number of criminal opportunities increase further away The Marauder Apart from sex offenders and metropolitan based offenders, use their home or site of significance to commit said crimes. The Commuter More likely to be adopted by burglars and adult males - the travel to another territory to commit their crimes so there is no overlap between criminals or crime Offender Consistency Principle The belief that the offenders crimes will be similar to the others Edmond Locard A French Forensic Scientist - he summed up that every contact leaves a trace Fingerprints Are important as they are unique to the individual - their impressions left on materials make it very easy to find the person. Types of Fingerprints Latent - invisible to the human eye but are seen using dusting and UV lights Patent - visible when left in blood and oil, photographed or lifted and then used as evidence Plastic - easily shaped when pressed into shapes Trace Evidence Any material transferred from the suspect to the crime scene and vice versa Testimonial Evidence Written or spoken statement given to courts to support or go against a case