BIOETHICS 2023 with complete solutions

morality refers to the quality of human act bioethics science that deals with the study of human conduct concerning human life. in all aspects from the moment of its conception to its natural end health ethics science that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct as it concerns with health care delivery services ethics philosophical and practical science that deals with the study of morality of human acts or human conduct ethical code adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between right and wrong and in applying that understanding to their decisions code of ethics corporate/business ; general principles of an organization's belief on matters such as mission, quality, privacy, or environment code of conduct employee ethics ; designed to influence the behavior of employees code of practice professional ethics; responsibility - discusses difficult issues, difficult decisions; provides clear account of what behavior is considered ethical or correct or right in the circumstances blue collar job involve skilled/unskilled such as mining, manufacturing, construction white collar job an office job profession guided through certain ethical codes and regulated by a certain stature ; highly specialized in terms of knowledge they possess principle of stewardship refers to the expression of one's responsibility to take care of, nurture, and cultivate what has been entrusted to him principle of double effect in the context of actions that have both good and bad effects, an action that has bad effects is morally permissible if (a) the action itself is good, (b) the perpretrator's intention is solely to produce the good effect, (c) the good effect is not achieved through the bad, and (d) there is sufficient reason to permit the bad effect principle of totality states that all decisions in medical ethics must prioritize the good of the entire person, including physical, psychological and spiritual factors. principle of respect for autonomy the patient has the capacity to act intentionally, with understanding, and without controlling influences that would mitigate against a free + voluntary act principle of non-maleficence requires that the medical practitioner does no harm; must not act in a way that entails harm or injury to the patient, either through acts of commission or omission principle of beneficence the medical practitioner must act in ways that promote the patient's welfare principle of justice implies for the distribution of health-care services negligence failure to use a reasonable amount of care when such failure results in injury due to lack of skill imprudence failure to use a reasonable amount of care when such failure results in injury due to lack of foresight defamation an act injuring a person's character, fame, or reputation through false and malicious statements; includes libel and slander libel malicious imputation in writing of a crime, vice or defect that tends to dishonor or writing bringing contempt or public derision slander utterance in the presence of another person to discredit damaging to a third person's reputation - oral defamation slander by deed uttering defamatory statements simultaneous to laying of hand of inflicting physical harm to the victim normative ethics seek to set norms or standards of conduct - provides a standard meta-ethics (analytical ethics) concerned with the nature of ethical theories and moral judgement - more on moral judgement than standards applied ethics (practical ethics) definite application of ethics to a specific bioethical issue ethical relativism aka moral relativism, the principle that morality relative to the norms of a particular culture ex: some cultures may accept certain acts and behaviors that are unacceptable to others ethical pragmatism charles sanders pierce ; william james - more of a theory on knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality ethical utilitarianism jeremy bentham and john stuart mill ; the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their consequences - "actions are good insofar as they tend to promote happiness, bad as they tend to promote unhappiness" abortion illegal in the philippines, the state recognizes the sanctity of life and protects the life of the mother and unborn life. can be direct, indirect or by natural causes/accidents. in some instances, it can become necessary when the life of the mother is at stake voluntary euthanasia when an individual gives consent to subject himself/herself to a painless death nonvoluntary euthanasia conducted when the permission of the patient to perform the process is unavailable, like in the case of a deep comatose involuntary euthanasia euthanasia performed on a person against his or her wishes; patient does not give consent in vitro fertilization (IVF) egg and sperm cells are combined outside the body in a laboratory dish (in vitro) to facilitate fertilization - became subject to controversies because of religious groups opposing the procedure stem cell therapy form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases. subject to controversy because of how stem cells are sourced autograft transplant from one body part to another, from the same individual allograft (homograft) transplant from different individuals of the same species xenograft (heterograft) different species rights of patients right to life, health, privacy, free exercise of religion, to leave factors that affect human acts - knowledge, freedom, voluntariness - absence of the 3 will not qualify as a human act (actus humanus) but rather an act of human (actus hominis) malpractice failure of a healthcare provider to meet the standard of care demanded by his/her profession and causes injury to the patient Elements of Malpractice duty, breach, injury, proximate cause Res Ipsa Loquitur "the thing that speaks for itself" - the accident was of a kind that does not ordinarily occur unless someone is negligent - the instrumentality of agency that caused the injury was under the of the person injured - the injury suffered must not have been due to any voluntary action/contribution of the person injured morally good act - act must be good in itself - the act must be good in its end - the circumstances other than the end must be good