Families and Households 2023 with complete solution

Parsons Instrumental / expressive role Bott Segregated / joint conjugal roles Willmott and Young Study with east London WC families, which found men played little part in home life and women were full-time housewives i.e segregated conjugal roles Young and Willmott Argue that men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks and more wives are becoming wage earners Young and Willmott Take a 'march of progress' view, they see family as becoming more equal and democratic`e.g women now go to work, men help with housework and couples spend leisure time together Ann Oakley Conducted interviews about housework and found around 15% of husbands had a high level of involvement in housework and 25% in childcare. Boulton Claims Young and Willmott exaggerate men's contributions Warde and Hetherington Men would only carry out 'female' tasks when their partners weren't around to do them, however they did find evidence of a slight change of attitude among young men, by no longer assuming women should do housework Gershuny Women working full time is leading to a more equal division of labour in the home. Stat - The British Social attitudes survey In 1984, 45% of men and 41% agreed it's a man's job to earn and a woman's to stay at home and in 2012 only 13% of men and 12% of women agreed Sullivan Analysed official statistics every decade and found that by 1997 (from 1975) men did more domestic tasks Boulton Fathers may be performing specific childcare tasks, it is usually the mother who takes responsibility for the child's security and wellbeing. Duncombe and Marsden Argue women have to perform a triple shift in housework, paid work and emotional work Gershuny Found that parental role models influence roles Man Yee Kan Younger men do more domestic work Stat - British Social Attitudes survey ( 2013 ) Found that less than 10% of under-35's agreed with a traditional division of labour Gillian Dunne Found lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships because of the absence of traditional heterosexual 'gender scripts' Kan Found that for every £10,000 a year more a woman earns, she does two less hours of housework per week Arber and Ginn Found that middle class women could afford more labour saving devices, ready meals, domestic help and childcare Xavier Ramos When the woman is the full-time breadwinner and the male is unemployed, he does as much domestic labour as she does Crompton and Lyonette Explaining the gender division of labour - the cultural or material explanation Dale Southerton Managing families quality time often falls to mothers and although men and women tend to have equal amounts of leisure time, women's leisure time tends to be dominated by childcare Barrett and McIntosh Men gain far more from women's domestic work than they give back in financial support, and the support that husbands give to their wives is often unpredictable and comes with 'strings attached' Pahl and Vogler The allowance system / pooling Vogler et al Found cohabiting couples are less likely to pool their money but are more likely to share domestic tasks Nyman Notes money has no automatic, fixed or natural meaning and different couples can define it in different ways Hardill Conducted a study of 13 symmetrical conjugal role couples and found the man makes the main decisions. Edgell Very important decisions ( financial, jobs, etc ) are made by men and less important ( clothes, décor and food ) are made by women Laurie and Geshuny Found by 1995 70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions, significantly though, high earning women were more likely to have a say. Smart Same-sex couples often don't see the control of money as meaning either equality or inequality in the relationship, because the lack of 'historical, gendered, heterosexual baggage of cultural meanings around money' Weeks et al Found the typical pattern is pooling together money for household spending, together with separate accounts for personal spending Dobash and Dobash Research in Scotland - found violent incidents likely to be set off due to a wife challenging her husband's authority. Stat - women's Aid Federation Domestic violence accounts for between a sixth and a quarter of all recorded violent crime ) Ansara and Hindin Women are more likely to be afraid of their partner Aliyah Dar It can be difficult to count separate domestic violence incidents, because abuse may be continuous Stat - Yearnshire On average a woman suffers 35 assaults before making a report Stat During 2006-11, conviction rates were at 6.5% of incidents reported to the police. Millett and Firestone Argue that all societies have been founded on patriarchy. Men oppress and exploit women and assert their power through violence. Elliot Rejects the claim that men benefit from violence against women, not all men are aggressive and most are opposed to domestic violence. Pilcher The most important features of childhood is separateness, a distinctive stage where children occupy separate status from adults Ruth Benedict Children who aren't Western take responsibility at an earlier age, there is less value on adult authority and their sexual behaviour is viewed differently Punch Children in Bolivia are expected to take on work roles in the home and community by the age of 5 without question or hesitation Aries The modern notion of childhood gradually began to emerge from the 13th century onwards e.g. a distinction between children/adult clothing and education specialised for the young Aries Argues that in the Middle Ages the idea of childhood did not exist, based on examining contemporary art, children were no longer seen as small adults Postman "Childhood is disappearing at a dazzling speed" Palmer Today's children are experiencing a toxic childhood due to children receiving the same laws as adults, clothing similarities, children committing 'adult' crimes and the media Postman Childhood emerged due to mass literacy as adults then had the power to keep knowledge about sex, money, illness, violence, death from children hence why children are seen as ignorant / innocent Opie There is strong evidence of the continued existence of a separate children's culture over many years, as he found children's unsupervised games remained unique. Jenks Believes childhood is a creation of modern society ( especially 20th century ) Jenks As society moves from modernity to postmodernity the adults relationships with children become more unstable and this generates feelings of insecurity Aries and Shorter Today's children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights than those of previous generations Brannen Inequalities between children - Asian parents are more likely to be strict Hillman Inequalities between children - found boys have more freedom such as being allowed out later Firestone and Holt Things in march of progress that are labelled as care and protection are in fact oppression and control Gittins Claims that there's an age patriarchy, where the father figure asserts dominance over children and women