Class notes Chemistry Notes - Titration, Spectroscopy (AC102)

.
ot
sp
og
bl
y.
it
Contents




rs
ve
1 Atoms and Molecules .................................................................................... 1–11




ni
Wave Mechanical Concept of Atom .................................................................................... 1
Application of Schrödinger Equation ................................................................................. 6

lu
Probability Distribution ...................................................................................................... 7
Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 11
ca
2 Valency and Chemical Bonding .............................................................. 12–42
gi

Electronegativity ............................................................................................................... 14
Hydrogen Bond .................................................................................................................. 15
lo



Dipole Moment .................................................................................................................. 16
Chemical Bonding (Wave-Mechanical Concept) .............................................................. 18
no




VSEPR Theory and Molecular Model .............................................................................. 25
Aromatic Character ........................................................................................................... 33
ch




Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 35
Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 41
te




3 Nuclear Chemistry ...................................................................................... 43–67
a




Radioactivity ...................................................................................................................... 43
al




Nuclear Fission .................................................................................................................. 47
Nuclear Reactors ............................................................................................................... 50
er




Uses of Radioisotopes ........................................................................................................ 53
Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 62
/k




Exercises ............................................................................................................................. 65
:/




4 Thermodynamics ....................................................................................... 68–103
The First Law of Thermodynamics .................................................................................. 70
tp




Thermochemistry .............................................................................................................. 80
Bond Energy ...................................................................................................................... 83
ht




Second Law of Thermodynamics ...................................................................................... 84
Third Law of Thermodynamics ........................................................................................ 87
Short Questions and Answers .......................................................................................... 98
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 100
5 Reaction Dynamics/Chemical Kinetics ............................................. 104–136
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 104

http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.com
(vii)




C8—d:\N-engche\TITLE.pm5 iii

, .
ot
sp
(viii)




og
Mathematical Formulation of First Order Reaction ..................................................... 106
Mathematical Formulation of a Second Order Reaction .............................................. 108




bl
Third Order Reaction ...................................................................................................... 111
Disturbing Factors in the Determination of an Order .................................................. 116




y.
Collision Theory ............................................................................................................... 120
Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 121




it
Short Questions ............................................................................................................... 131
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 131




rs
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 135




ve
6 Catalyst ......................................................................................................137–149
Catalyst ............................................................................................................................ 137




ni
Definition ......................................................................................................................... 137
Types of Catalyst ............................................................................................................. 138


lu
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 143
Catalytic Applications of Organometallic Complexes ................................................... 145
ca
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 148
gi

7 Mechanism of Organic Reactions ....................................................... 150–183
Reaction Types ................................................................................................................. 150
lo



Energy Changes During the Progress of a Reaction ..................................................... 153
Resonance ........................................................................................................................ 157
no




Steric Hindrance .............................................................................................................. 158
Isomerism......................................................................................................................... 160
ch




R-S System of Nomenclature .......................................................................................... 166
E and Z Nomenclature .................................................................................................... 170
te




Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 171
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 182
a
al




8 Ionic Equilibrium .................................................................................... 184–203
Law of Mass Action and Ionisation ................................................................................ 184
er




Acids and Bases ............................................................................................................... 185
pH Scale ........................................................................................................................... 187
/k




Buffer Solutions ............................................................................................................... 189
Solubility Product ............................................................................................................ 192
:/




Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 195
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 197
tp




Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 202
ht




9 Electrochemistry ..................................................................................... 204–229
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 204
Electrolysis ....................................................................................................................... 204
Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis ......................................................................................... 205
Relative Speeds of Ions During Electrolysis (Transport Number) ............................... 208
Determination of Transport Number (Hittorf’s Method) .............................................. 210
Specific Conductance ....................................................................................................... 211
Conductometric Titration ............................................................................................... 217
http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.com



C8—d:\N-engche\TITLE.pm5 iv

, .
ot
sp
(ix)




og
Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 219
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 223




bl
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 228




y.
10 Electrochemical Cells ............................................................................. 230–265
Electrode Potential .......................................................................................................... 230




it
Interpretation of the Electrochemical Series ................................................................ 234
Latimer Diagram ............................................................................................................. 235




rs
Frost Diagram .................................................................................................................. 237
Concentration Cell ........................................................................................................... 239




ve
Indicator Electrodes ........................................................................................................ 242
Battery ............................................................................................................................. 248




ni
Solved Examples .............................................................................................................. 252
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 256


lu
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 263
ca
11 Phase Rule ................................................................................................. 266–277
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 266
gi

The Phase Rule ................................................................................................................ 267
The Water System ........................................................................................................... 268
lo



Sulphur System ............................................................................................................... 269
Eutectic Systems ............................................................................................................. 271
no




Tin-Magnesium System .................................................................................................. 273
Iron-Carbon Alloy System............................................................................................... 273
ch




Solved Problem ................................................................................................................ 275
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 275
te




Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 277
a




12 Colloids ....................................................................................................... 278–291
al




Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 278
Classification of Colloids ................................................................................................. 278
er




Preparation of Colloidal Solutions ................................................................................. 280
Purification of Colloidal Solutions .................................................................................. 282
/k




Properties of Colloidal Solutions .................................................................................... 283
Coagulation of Colloids ................................................................................................... 285
:/




Protection of Colloid ........................................................................................................ 286
Application of Colloids..................................................................................................... 288
tp




Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 289
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 290
ht




13 Transition Metal Chemistry ................................................................. 292–307
Transition Metals ............................................................................................................ 292
Crystal Field Theory (CFT)............................................................................................. 303
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 306
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 307


http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.com



C8—d:\N-engche\TITLE.pm5 v

, .
ot
sp
(x)




og
14 Metallurgy ................................................................................................. 308–328
Introduction to the Study of Metals ............................................................................... 308




bl
Common Minerals ........................................................................................................... 309
Ores .................................................................................................................................. 311




y.
Fluxes ............................................................................................................................... 313




it
Furnaces ........................................................................................................................... 314
Powder Metallurgy .......................................................................................................... 320




rs
Some Specific Examples of Extraction of Metals .......................................................... 322
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 326




ve
15 Adhesives ................................................................................................... 329–337
Adhesives ......................................................................................................................... 329




ni
Adhesive Strength Development .................................................................................... 330
Technique of Bonding ...................................................................................................... 331


lu
Classification of Adhesives ............................................................................................. 333
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 336
ca
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 336
gi

16 Explosives and Propellants ..................................................................338–349
Explosives ........................................................................................................................ 338
lo



Classification of Explosives ............................................................................................. 339
Manufacture of Important Explosives ........................................................................... 343
no




Propellants ....................................................................................................................... 345
Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 348
ch




Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 348
te




17 Water Treatment ..................................................................................... 350–378
Sources of Water .............................................................................................................. 350
a




Hardness of Water ........................................................................................................... 351
al




Sludge and Scale Formation in Boilers .......................................................................... 352
Softening of Water ........................................................................................................... 356
er




Cold lime-Soda Process ................................................................................................... 357
Hot lime-Soda Process ..................................................................................................... 358
/k




Permutit or Zeolite Process............................................................................................. 359
Ion Exchange or Demineralization ................................................................................. 360
:/




Treatment of Water for Domestic Use ........................................................................... 362
Chemical Analysis of Water ............................................................................................ 366
tp




Short Questions and Answers ........................................................................................ 372
Exercises ........................................................................................................................... 375
ht




Problems ........................................................................................................................... 377
18 Fuels and Combustion ........................................................................... 379–414
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 379
Calorific Value ................................................................................................................. 379
Solid Fuels ........................................................................................................................ 383
Liquid Fuels ..................................................................................................................... 390

http://keralatechnologicaluniversity.blogspot.com



C8—d:\N-engche\TITLE.pm5 vi