Final Microbiology BIOL 2117 bishop 2023 with complete solution

Cryptococcus neoformans lungs/CNS/skin in 15% of cases fungus found in soil and bird droppings discovered by Otto Buse in 1894 Francesco Sanfeliee isolated colony from peach juice Jean Vuillemin renamed it b/c it doesn't form aesospores encapsulated obligate anaerobe thick capsule polysaccharide, 37C, K: Fungi, P: Basidiomycota, C: Tremellomycetes O: Tremellales F: Tremellaceae, G: Cryptococcus Usually people w/ weakened immune systems HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, immunosuppressent meds, can reproduce asexually and sexually, portal of entry is lungs Ebola virus Ebola hemmoragic fever/ Ebola virus disease fruit bat Nzara, Sudan & Yambuku DRC Ebola River in Congo Peter Piot 41-100% mortality rate 1976 genus Filoviridae family 5 strains: Bundibugyo, Zaire, Reston, Sudan, Tai Forest polymorphic 7 genes in RNA sequence helical structure has spikes to help adhere binds using trimeric glycoprotein spike lymphocytes are only cells immune enters host through mediated endocytosis budding attack dendritic cells reducing immune response alter INF proteins Hemmoragic reactions through mass release of cytokines from macrophages and monocytes Aspergillus flavus fungus Pier Antonio Micheli first description by John Bennett 1842 "Turkey X disease" 2004 outbreak in Kenya corn Kingdom fungi, division Ascomycota, Genus Aspergillus, Species flavus hot dry conditions 37C grows hyphae vegetative, sexual and asexual reproduction makes toxins aflatoxins cause liver cells to break down and blockage of hepatic vein can lead to acute hepatitis, immunosuppression, carcinoma, neutropenia pH 5.6 Amphotericin B main treatment Treponema Pallidum coiled motile spirochete obligate internal parasite causes Syphillus named from Fracastero poem "social evil" 2 theories: Chris Columbus brought in 1492, or was misdiagnosed as leporasy Schaudinn and Hoffman at Charite Hospital in Berlin August Wasserman made Wasserman Test refined with Kahn test today Reuben Kahn Will Hinton made Hinton test that was more effective Tuskagee Institute study free healthcare for treatment of "bad blood" 1932 aerobid, motile, gram (-), binary fission, cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane sexual contact/congenetal through mother to baby decrease 1947 b/c penicillin peak 1990 4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, tertiary Arsenobenzol first treatment Paul Ehrlich Treatment now Penicillin George Washington died from Syphillus Staphylococcus aureus D: bacteria K: eubacteria P: firmicuites C: bacilli G: staphylococcus scotland 1880 Alexander Ogston Staph 1940s penicillin used to treat Methicillin used after antibiotic resistance MRSA Methicillin Resistant 1968 first case Vancomycin 30% of people have in nose can cause Pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis during research puss to guinea pigs caused septicemia gram +, yellow, fact. anaerobe, coccus, clusters, aureus=golden in latin opportunistic pathogen salt tolerant coagulase, enterotoxin, exfoliatin, hyaluronidase, "A" protein, leukocuains, Beta Lactomase capsule skin to skin cuts/wounds/, immunocompromised patients treated with antibiotics and wound draining Norovirus Gastroenteritis aka Norwalk like viruses after Norwalk first outbreak 1968 elmentary school kid stool samples 1972 named Norwalk virus Albert Z Kapikian cruise ships humans natural reservoir person to person, fecally contaminated food/water spherical single strand RNA aka. stomach flu avoid antibiotics family caliciviridae genus norovirus Giardia intestinalis anaerobic, multiflagellated, multinucleated parasite protozoa inactive cyst/ active prophozoite binary fission leeuwenhoeck first observed Alfred Giard pathogenic 4 nuclei aka beaver fever D: eukaryota K: protista small intestine feed off host contaminated food, water/sex Giardiasis most common cause of diarrhea in the US High risk: campers, travelers, immunocompromised stomach bug symptoms oval thick cell wall, axostyle cysts very resistant O&P stool sample to test Metronidiazole, Tinidazole, Nitazoxanide used to treat Coxiella burnetii Edward Derrick in Austrailia Q-fever isolated from ticks in 9 mile valley Q-querry Gram -, pleomorphic, coccobacilli, non motile, obligate intracellular parasite targets macrophages and monocytes endospore like body fever/chills/fatigue/headache etc. 40% symptomatic can cause pnemonia, hepatitis, endocarditis vaccines outbreak in netherlands inhalation binary fission animals/ ticks biological weapon WWII E. coli Theodore Escherich 1885 O157:H7 deadly pili to move single celled prokaryote gram negative bacilli, peritricious flagella, faculatative anaerobe, 37.4C, broth/NA plate mostly harmless binary fission every 6 hours Siga toxins STEC Communicable disease disease spread from one host to another contagious disease disease that is easily spread from one host to another ex. varicella non-communicable disease disease not transmitted from one host to another ex. lou gherigs, cancer, parkinsons, etc herd immunity immunity in most of a population acute disease symptoms develop rapidly chronic disease disease develops slowly symptom change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease sign change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease syndrome specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease endemic disease disease constantly present in a population epidemic disease disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time pandemic disease worldwide epidemic ex. HIV, influenza pathology study of disease etiology study of cause of disease