BIO 251 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE 2023

BIO 251 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATE 2023. Characteristics of Living Things o Growth Homeostasis o Made of Cells Metabolism o Need for food/energy/water Reproduction o Respiration Responsive to stimuli o Differentiation Movement • Levels of Organization o Chemical level: Combination of atoms to form molecules. o Cellular level: Combination of organic molecules. o Tissue level: Combination of cells of the same type, history, and physiology. o Organ level: Combination of tissues of differing types to carry out a particular function. • Feedback Loops BIOS 251 Final Study Guide • Anatomy: Study of Structure • Physiology: Study of Function • Noninvasive Diagnostics Techniques o Examination o Ausculation o Palpation o Percussion • Anatomical Position o Stand erect, arms at the side with palms facing forward (thumbs pointing away from the body), feet flat on the floor BIOS 251 Final Study Guide • Regional Names • Directional Terms BIOS 251 Final Study Guide • Planes and Sectioning • Body Cavities BIOS 251 Final Study Guide • Serous Membrane Examples • Abdominal Quadrants/Regions BIOS 251 Final Study Guide Chapter 02 Chemical Level of Organization • Mattering: Anything that takes up Space and Mass • Components of Atoms o Protons- positive charge o Electrons- negative charge o Neutrons- neutral Charge • Reading of Periodic Table • Electrons arrange in patterns called orbitals that prevent them from repelling each other. o Valence electrons are in the outer shell and are responsible for bonding. • Types of Bonding o Ionic Bonding ▪ One atom (cation) gives up its electrons to another (anion). ▪ Occurs when one atom is more negative than another. ▪ Most likely to occur with elements that are on opposite sides of the periodic table. o Covalent Bonding ▪ Atoms share their electrons. ▪ Nonpolar covalent: the atoms share their electrons evenly. BIOS 251 Final Study Guide ▪ Polar covalent: the atoms share their electrons unevenly ▪ Double bond: occurs when two elements share two pairs of electrons. ▪ Triple bond: occurs when two elements share three pairs of electrons. o Hydrogen Bonding ▪ Bond that can be readily broken that occurs between highly polar molecules. ▪ This form of bonding is integral to many of the properties of water. • Properties of Water o High heat capacity- amount of energy to raise substance to a certain temp. o High heat of evaporation- Converting 1 g of the hottest water to a gas requires an input of 540 calories of energy, allows sweating to cool us. o Universal Solvent ▪ Hydrophilic: water loving ▪ Hydrophobic: water repelling • Types of Reactions o Dehydration reaction- allows for synthesis of biomolecules by removing water. o Hydrolysis reaction- allows for breakdown of biomolecules by adding water. • Acids and Bases o Acids ▪ A substance that breaks into [H+] ions in an aqueous solution. ▪ Have a pH value from 0 - 7 ▪ Lower pH value indicates a stronger acid. o Bases ▪ A substance that breaks into [OH-] ions in an aqueous solution. ▪ Have a pH value from 7 - 14 ▪ Lower pH value indicates a stronger base. • Carbohydrates o Ready energy o Energy storage o Structure o Backbone of nucleic acids • Lipids o Triglycerides- provide protection, insulation, and energy