1. Syndrome associated with posterior
inferior cerebellar artery thrombosis:
a) Wallenberg syndrome
b) Medial medullary syndrome
c) Inferior alternating syndrome
d) Dejerine syndrome
Correct Answer - A
Answer A. Wallenberg syndrome
Wallenberg syndrome is also known as lateral medullary syndrome
or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome.
Wallenberg described the first case in 1895.
This neurological disorder is associated with a variety of symptoms
that occur as a result of damage to the lateral segment of the
medulla posterior to the inferior olivary nucleus.
It is the most typical posterior circulation ischemic stroke syndrome
in clinical practice.
Etiology:
Wallenberg syndrome is caused most commonly by
atherothrombotic occlusion of the vertebral artery, followed most
frequently by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and least often,
the medullary arteries.
Hypertension is the commonest risk factor followed by smoking and
diabetes.
Medial medullary syndrome, also known as inferior alternating
syndrome, hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia, lower alternating
hemiplegia, or Dejerine syndrome, is a type of alternating hemiplegia
,characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of
the anterior spinal artery.
,2. Space of Disse is in:
a) Spleen
b) Lymph node
c) Liver
d) Bone
Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Liver
The perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse) is a location in the liver
between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid.
It contains the blood plasma.
Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins
and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by
the hepatocytes.
, 3. What are Gitter cells:
a) Macroglia
b) Modified macrophages in CNS
c) Astrocytes
d) Oligodendrocytes
Correct Answer - B
Answer B. Modified macrophages in CNS
Gitter cells:
These cells are macrophages and because of their appearance they
are called “Gitter cells”.
They look this way because they are lipid-laden.
These macrophages are thought to be mainly derived from
circulating blood monocytes, but some probably originate from
resident microglia.
Any time there is parenchymal damage (e.g. inflammation,
infarction, parasite migration) these cells will phagocytose lipid from
degenerated myelin and cellular debris.
These lipid-laden macrophages migrate to the perivascular spaces
inferior cerebellar artery thrombosis:
a) Wallenberg syndrome
b) Medial medullary syndrome
c) Inferior alternating syndrome
d) Dejerine syndrome
Correct Answer - A
Answer A. Wallenberg syndrome
Wallenberg syndrome is also known as lateral medullary syndrome
or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome.
Wallenberg described the first case in 1895.
This neurological disorder is associated with a variety of symptoms
that occur as a result of damage to the lateral segment of the
medulla posterior to the inferior olivary nucleus.
It is the most typical posterior circulation ischemic stroke syndrome
in clinical practice.
Etiology:
Wallenberg syndrome is caused most commonly by
atherothrombotic occlusion of the vertebral artery, followed most
frequently by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, and least often,
the medullary arteries.
Hypertension is the commonest risk factor followed by smoking and
diabetes.
Medial medullary syndrome, also known as inferior alternating
syndrome, hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia, lower alternating
hemiplegia, or Dejerine syndrome, is a type of alternating hemiplegia
,characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of
the anterior spinal artery.
,2. Space of Disse is in:
a) Spleen
b) Lymph node
c) Liver
d) Bone
Correct Answer - C
Ans. C. Liver
The perisinusoidal space (or space of Disse) is a location in the liver
between a hepatocyte and a sinusoid.
It contains the blood plasma.
Microvilli of hepatocytes extend into this space, allowing proteins
and other plasma components from the sinusoids to be absorbed by
the hepatocytes.
, 3. What are Gitter cells:
a) Macroglia
b) Modified macrophages in CNS
c) Astrocytes
d) Oligodendrocytes
Correct Answer - B
Answer B. Modified macrophages in CNS
Gitter cells:
These cells are macrophages and because of their appearance they
are called “Gitter cells”.
They look this way because they are lipid-laden.
These macrophages are thought to be mainly derived from
circulating blood monocytes, but some probably originate from
resident microglia.
Any time there is parenchymal damage (e.g. inflammation,
infarction, parasite migration) these cells will phagocytose lipid from
degenerated myelin and cellular debris.
These lipid-laden macrophages migrate to the perivascular spaces
