Anatomy
Question 1
Identify the type of muscle shown in the image below.
A> Cruciate
B> Multipennate
C> Parallel
D> Unipennate
Answer - B. Multipennate
Explanation -
Pectoralis Major has multiple rows of diagonal fibres with a single tendon, Hence is a multipennate muscle.
Question 2
Nerves of Branchial arch derived from:
A> Mesoderm
B> Endoderm
C> Neural crest
D> Neuroectoderm
Answer - C
Explanation - Branchial or pharyngeal arches are masses of mesoderm covered by ectoderm and lined by
endoderm. Within these masses, muscular and skeletal components develop, as well as aortic arches and
nerve networks. The arches are separated by grooves, visible on the surface of the embryo as pharyngeal
clefts and in the interior as the pharyngeal pouches
● In the human embryo, the arches are first seen during the 4th week of development.
● They appear as a series of outpouchings of mesoderm on both sides of developing pharynx.
,The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural
tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the
embryo.
Neural Crest Derivatives
A key feature of neural crest is the migration into other embryonic tissues to form specific neural and non-
neural populations and structures.
Cranial neural crest
● migration - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches
● craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face
● pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles), stria
vascularis cells, and jaw (mandible)
In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia)
consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural
plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches forming ectomesenchyme
contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and
connective tissue).
Neural Crest Origin
System Cell Type
PeripheralNervous Neurons - sensory ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, enteric
System nervous system, and plexuses
(PNS) Neuroglial cells, olfactory ensheathing cells
Schwann cells
Endocrine Adrenal medulla
Calcitonin-secreting cells
Carotid body type I cells
Integumentary Epidermal pigment cells
Facial cartilage and Facial and anterior ventral skull cartilage and bones
bone
Sensory Inner ear, corneal endothelium and stroma
Connective tissue Tooth papillae
smooth muscle, and adipose tissue of skin of head and neck
Connective tissue of meninges, salivary, lacrimal, thymus, thyroid, and pituitary
glands
Connective tissue and smooth muscle in arteries of aortic arch origin
Question 3
Hard palate contains:
A> Keratinised, submucosa, minor salivary gland
,B> Keratinised, absent submucosal layer, minor salivary gland
C> Non keratinised, submucosal layer, minor salivary gland
D> Non keratinised, absent submucosa, minor salivary gland
Answer - A
Explanation: The hard palate is located on the roof of the oral cavity, posterior and medial to the alveolar
process of the maxilla.
The bony structure is formed by the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the
palatine bones.
The periosteum is covered by a firmly attached mucosa centrally, although a submucosa is apparent
laterally containing vessels. The hard palate is continuous with the soft palate posteriorly.
Macroscopic Features
The hard palate is typically a pale pink colour and may have an orange peel appearance from the palatine
salivary glands (more common posteriorly).
Microscopic Features
The hard palate is lined with a keratinising stratified squamous epithelium, tightly bound to the
underlying periosteum of the palatine bone/maxilla. There is minimal submucosa, which becomes more
prominent posteriorly.
Question 4
What is the tensor of vocal cords:
A> Cricothyroid
B> Lateral Cricoarytenoid
C> Thyroarytenoids
D> Posterior cricoarytenoids
Answer- A
Explanation:
Cricothyroid : Tensor of vocal cords.
, Lateral cricoarytenoid: Abductor of vocal cords.
Thyroarytenoid: Relaxor of vocal cords.
Posterior cricoarytenoid: Abductor of vocal cords
Question 5
Ureteric bud develops from:
A> Mesonephros
B> Metanephros
C> Pronephros
D> Genital sinus
Answer- A
Explanation: The ureteric bud, also known as the metanephrogenic diverticulum, is a protrusion from the
mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
It later develops into a conduit (channel) for urine drainage from the kidneys, which, in contrast, originate
from the metanephric blastema.
The metanephrogenic blastema or metanephric blastema (or metanephric mesenchyme, or metanephric
mesoderm) is one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney, the other being the
ureteric bud.
Question 6
About Weber’s syndrome which is incorrect:
A> Contralateral hemiplegia
B> Ipsilateral Oculomotor nerve palsy
C> Contralateral Parkinsonism
D> Anterior cerebral peduncle
Answer - D
Explanation:
● Weber's syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is a form of stroke characterized by the
presence of an ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia.
Question 1
Identify the type of muscle shown in the image below.
A> Cruciate
B> Multipennate
C> Parallel
D> Unipennate
Answer - B. Multipennate
Explanation -
Pectoralis Major has multiple rows of diagonal fibres with a single tendon, Hence is a multipennate muscle.
Question 2
Nerves of Branchial arch derived from:
A> Mesoderm
B> Endoderm
C> Neural crest
D> Neuroectoderm
Answer - C
Explanation - Branchial or pharyngeal arches are masses of mesoderm covered by ectoderm and lined by
endoderm. Within these masses, muscular and skeletal components develop, as well as aortic arches and
nerve networks. The arches are separated by grooves, visible on the surface of the embryo as pharyngeal
clefts and in the interior as the pharyngeal pouches
● In the human embryo, the arches are first seen during the 4th week of development.
● They appear as a series of outpouchings of mesoderm on both sides of developing pharynx.
,The neural crest are bilaterally paired strips of cells arising in the ectoderm at the margins of the neural
tube. These cells migrate to many different locations and differentiate into many cell types within the
embryo.
Neural Crest Derivatives
A key feature of neural crest is the migration into other embryonic tissues to form specific neural and non-
neural populations and structures.
Cranial neural crest
● migration - dorsolaterally and into pharyngeal arches
● craniofacial mesenchyme - cartilage, bone, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face
● pharyngeal arches and pouches - thymic cells, tooth odontoblasts, middle ear bones (ossicles), stria
vascularis cells, and jaw (mandible)
In the body region, neural crest cells also contribute the peripheral nervous system (both neurons and glia)
consisting of sensory ganglia (dorsal root ganglia), sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and neural
plexuses within specific tissues/organs.
In the head region, neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches forming ectomesenchyme
contributing tissues which in the body region are typically derived from mesoderm (cartilage, bone, and
connective tissue).
Neural Crest Origin
System Cell Type
PeripheralNervous Neurons - sensory ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, enteric
System nervous system, and plexuses
(PNS) Neuroglial cells, olfactory ensheathing cells
Schwann cells
Endocrine Adrenal medulla
Calcitonin-secreting cells
Carotid body type I cells
Integumentary Epidermal pigment cells
Facial cartilage and Facial and anterior ventral skull cartilage and bones
bone
Sensory Inner ear, corneal endothelium and stroma
Connective tissue Tooth papillae
smooth muscle, and adipose tissue of skin of head and neck
Connective tissue of meninges, salivary, lacrimal, thymus, thyroid, and pituitary
glands
Connective tissue and smooth muscle in arteries of aortic arch origin
Question 3
Hard palate contains:
A> Keratinised, submucosa, minor salivary gland
,B> Keratinised, absent submucosal layer, minor salivary gland
C> Non keratinised, submucosal layer, minor salivary gland
D> Non keratinised, absent submucosa, minor salivary gland
Answer - A
Explanation: The hard palate is located on the roof of the oral cavity, posterior and medial to the alveolar
process of the maxilla.
The bony structure is formed by the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the
palatine bones.
The periosteum is covered by a firmly attached mucosa centrally, although a submucosa is apparent
laterally containing vessels. The hard palate is continuous with the soft palate posteriorly.
Macroscopic Features
The hard palate is typically a pale pink colour and may have an orange peel appearance from the palatine
salivary glands (more common posteriorly).
Microscopic Features
The hard palate is lined with a keratinising stratified squamous epithelium, tightly bound to the
underlying periosteum of the palatine bone/maxilla. There is minimal submucosa, which becomes more
prominent posteriorly.
Question 4
What is the tensor of vocal cords:
A> Cricothyroid
B> Lateral Cricoarytenoid
C> Thyroarytenoids
D> Posterior cricoarytenoids
Answer- A
Explanation:
Cricothyroid : Tensor of vocal cords.
, Lateral cricoarytenoid: Abductor of vocal cords.
Thyroarytenoid: Relaxor of vocal cords.
Posterior cricoarytenoid: Abductor of vocal cords
Question 5
Ureteric bud develops from:
A> Mesonephros
B> Metanephros
C> Pronephros
D> Genital sinus
Answer- A
Explanation: The ureteric bud, also known as the metanephrogenic diverticulum, is a protrusion from the
mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
It later develops into a conduit (channel) for urine drainage from the kidneys, which, in contrast, originate
from the metanephric blastema.
The metanephrogenic blastema or metanephric blastema (or metanephric mesenchyme, or metanephric
mesoderm) is one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney, the other being the
ureteric bud.
Question 6
About Weber’s syndrome which is incorrect:
A> Contralateral hemiplegia
B> Ipsilateral Oculomotor nerve palsy
C> Contralateral Parkinsonism
D> Anterior cerebral peduncle
Answer - D
Explanation:
● Weber's syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is a form of stroke characterized by the
presence of an ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia.
