Anatomy and Physiology 101
Lab 2
Microscope, Cellular Structure, The Cell
Cycle Labs 4, 5, and 7 in manual
Textbook Figures 3.3, 3.7, and 3.37
Table 3.3 and 3.5
Lab Exercise 4 - Care and Use of the Compound Microscope
The microscope is an essential tool for the study of structures too small to see with the naked
eye.
Objectives- In this lab you will learn the parts of a microscope, the function of each part,
how to calculate total magnification, and how to place a slide in position and focus on an
image.
Directions- For this exercise follow the directions in the manual. You are responsible for
the information in the manual from 1-9 under Procedure. However you will not be doing any
measurements with a ruler or use of the thread slide. You will be using prepared slides of
squamous cells. You are not responsible for the information on wet mount slides (Procedure
B). To learn the parts of the microscope use the diagram for reference and the handout
provided.
LAB REPORT 4 – PART A & D
Lab Exercise 5 - Cell Structure and Function
The 3 major parts of a cell are the cell membrane that encloses the cell, the cytoplasm and
the organelles contained within, and the nucleus.
Objectives- In this exercise you will learn the parts of the cell and the functions of each part.
You are responsible for this on both diagrams and the cell models.
Directions- Locate the following structures on the cell model. Functions of each are also
given.
Description and Function
1. Cellmembrane
Doublelayerofphospholipidmoleculesmakinga
semi-
permeablemembrane,alsoc
ontainscholesterolwhich
maintainsstructureofthe
membraneandproteinswhic
h helpsregulate what enters and leaves cell
2. Organelles in cytoplasm
Mitochondria Cell powerhouse- small cigar-shaped structures that
produce energy for the cell
, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A series of flattened membranous sacs that extend from
the nucleus to the cell membrane. There are 2 types of ER.
1. Rough (RER) Contains on surface ribosomes which make proteins.
2. Smooth (SER) Contains enzymes needed for lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus Flattened sacs smaller than ER, packages and ships
primarily proteins out of cell, may also combine
proteins with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins. The
UPS of the cell.
Centrosome Consists of 2 centrioles, aid in cell reproduction by
making spindle fibers
Ribosomes Small particles composed of RNA and proteins, may
be free or attached to RER, produce proteins
Lysosomes Membranous sacs, cell garbage disposal
Vesicles Membranous sacs, contain substances that just entered
cell or substances prepared to leave cell
Peroxisomes Membranous sacs, breaks down organic molecules
3. Nucleus Control center of cell
Nuclear envelope Double layer membrane that contains pores, regulates
what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleolus Nucleus may contain 1 or more, form ribosomes
Chromatin Long, thin strands of protein and DNA, contains the
blueprint for cell activity which is primarily
synthesizing proteins
The following organelles are found in cells but are not present on our model but you do need to
know about them and identify them on the diagram.
Cilia Projections off edge of cell membrane, move substances
along surface of cell
Flagella Long, single projection off cell membrane, moves entire
cell
Microfilaments and microtubules Thin protein strands within cytoplasm, help maintain
structure of cell and move substances throughout cell
Lab 2
Microscope, Cellular Structure, The Cell
Cycle Labs 4, 5, and 7 in manual
Textbook Figures 3.3, 3.7, and 3.37
Table 3.3 and 3.5
Lab Exercise 4 - Care and Use of the Compound Microscope
The microscope is an essential tool for the study of structures too small to see with the naked
eye.
Objectives- In this lab you will learn the parts of a microscope, the function of each part,
how to calculate total magnification, and how to place a slide in position and focus on an
image.
Directions- For this exercise follow the directions in the manual. You are responsible for
the information in the manual from 1-9 under Procedure. However you will not be doing any
measurements with a ruler or use of the thread slide. You will be using prepared slides of
squamous cells. You are not responsible for the information on wet mount slides (Procedure
B). To learn the parts of the microscope use the diagram for reference and the handout
provided.
LAB REPORT 4 – PART A & D
Lab Exercise 5 - Cell Structure and Function
The 3 major parts of a cell are the cell membrane that encloses the cell, the cytoplasm and
the organelles contained within, and the nucleus.
Objectives- In this exercise you will learn the parts of the cell and the functions of each part.
You are responsible for this on both diagrams and the cell models.
Directions- Locate the following structures on the cell model. Functions of each are also
given.
Description and Function
1. Cellmembrane
Doublelayerofphospholipidmoleculesmakinga
semi-
permeablemembrane,alsoc
ontainscholesterolwhich
maintainsstructureofthe
membraneandproteinswhic
h helpsregulate what enters and leaves cell
2. Organelles in cytoplasm
Mitochondria Cell powerhouse- small cigar-shaped structures that
produce energy for the cell
, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A series of flattened membranous sacs that extend from
the nucleus to the cell membrane. There are 2 types of ER.
1. Rough (RER) Contains on surface ribosomes which make proteins.
2. Smooth (SER) Contains enzymes needed for lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus Flattened sacs smaller than ER, packages and ships
primarily proteins out of cell, may also combine
proteins with carbohydrates to make glycoproteins. The
UPS of the cell.
Centrosome Consists of 2 centrioles, aid in cell reproduction by
making spindle fibers
Ribosomes Small particles composed of RNA and proteins, may
be free or attached to RER, produce proteins
Lysosomes Membranous sacs, cell garbage disposal
Vesicles Membranous sacs, contain substances that just entered
cell or substances prepared to leave cell
Peroxisomes Membranous sacs, breaks down organic molecules
3. Nucleus Control center of cell
Nuclear envelope Double layer membrane that contains pores, regulates
what enters and leaves the nucleus
Nucleolus Nucleus may contain 1 or more, form ribosomes
Chromatin Long, thin strands of protein and DNA, contains the
blueprint for cell activity which is primarily
synthesizing proteins
The following organelles are found in cells but are not present on our model but you do need to
know about them and identify them on the diagram.
Cilia Projections off edge of cell membrane, move substances
along surface of cell
Flagella Long, single projection off cell membrane, moves entire
cell
Microfilaments and microtubules Thin protein strands within cytoplasm, help maintain
structure of cell and move substances throughout cell
