NCE/LPC Exam Study Guide 2023 with complete solution

Ego's need for immediate gratification. Pleasure Principle The cause or ____________of abnormal behavior is difficult to determine in most cases. Etiology An individual who is happy,autonomous, & creative has reached ______________. Self-actualization This is necessary from parents for children to develop healthy concepts. (Rogers) Unconditional Positive Regard Accomplished by rewarding success of desired behavior. Shaping Learning method involving the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses. Classical Conditioning A behavior modification used to establish new behavior. reinforcement The designations "common," "personal," & "cardinal" refer to ______________. Trait Theory Individuals are in an interactional relationship with their environment. contextual worldview Freud believed human behavior is mainly motivated by the psychosexual energy called __________. libido Relearning by using a particular stimulus to establish a new, more adaptive response counter conditioning Idea that there are many different ways to interpret events, each one leading to different behaviors. Kelly's concept of Constructive Alternativism A severe psychological disorder involving loss of contact with reality. Psychosis Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning. Maturation Vicarious conditioning occurs through observed________. modeling The unpleasantness of _________motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure. cognitive dissonance Used by individuals to maintain feelings of adequacy and self-worth rather than coping directly with a stressful situation. defense mechanisms Used to help reduce anxiety experienced by an agoraphobic client. systematic desensitization Skinner believes the social environment provides a variety of __________to help shape human behavior. consequences Patterns of ____________that may be organic, psychological, or sociocultural in origin. abnormal behavior The tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance. Jung's theory of Introversion Behavior modification programs in schools/group homes used to motivate participants. token economy This approach to human functioning stresses the importance of each individual's perception of reality. Phenomenological Emphasizes the importance of genetic and physical contributors to maladaptive behavior. biological viewpoint Use of family constellation Adler traits and values Allport vicarious conditioning Bandura 16 Personality Factor Questionairre Cattell stage theory of development Erikson Cognitive dissonance Festinger id, ego, superego Freud introversion-extroversion Jung cognitive meaning making Kegan Role Construct Repertory Test Kelly Justice Reasoning & Moral development Kohlberg Life Space Lewin seven-stage ego development Loevinger Self-actualization Maslow Thematic apperception test Murray Russian Psychologist Pavlov dualism, relativism, & commitment Perry original child psychologist Piaget actualizing tendency Rogers principle of reinforcement Skinner interpersonal personality theory Sullivan stimulus-response-consequence Thorndike father of American behaviorism Watson systematic desensitization Wolpe The main factor in defining a minority. Oppression In order to better serve Hispanic American clients, counselors should be__________& _____________. bilingual and bicultural Counselors who do not resolve their own__________will undermine their own work with minority clients. prejudice The "Superwoman Syndrome" is an exampe of ______. role strain When too many demands come from various areas of a person's life this results. role conflict Sex role ___________ is unhealthy, where ___________promotes better functioning. stereotyping, androgyny Times of change from one role or stage to the next are referred to as ______________. transitions ______________ or __________________makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain. Discrimination against elderly, ageism This is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men or lesbian women. homophobia In determining treatment situations for clients, counselors should look for _____________. least restrictive environment Public law 94-192 improved services for children with ________________. disabilities _____________or ________________ are more distinct in early life and more alike in the elderly. Gender roles, Sex roles In building rapport with minority clients, counselors need to be aware of ___________. nonverbal communication Child, parent, & grandparent are the major ________. family roles Females actually have greater ___________ than males. verbal ability The balance between work life, family life, and leisure. role integration _______________ dictate the customs, attitudes, and beliefs of a particular racial or ethnic group. culture-bound values Culture conflict is a major issue for many _________. Asian Americans Pessimism, stoicism, & laziness are stereotypes of ______________. Native Americans The counselor must accurately diagnose the problem taking cultural norms into consideration before effective intervention can take place. The belief that clients should change to fit the environment. autoplastic view The belief tht suggests changing the outside world. Alloplastic view Counselors are often called to collaborate with medical and legal personnel when dealing with abuse As nontraditional families increase, the traditional_____________ is declining. nuclear family This decreases as one's age increases. cohort group Lesbians and gays reveal their sexual orientation to themselves and/or others. The process of coming out grieving process Kubler-Ross emic-etic dilemma Draguns life-career rainbow Super primarily from China, Japan, & the Phillipines Asian Americans life review therapy Butler American Indian, Alaska Native, and New Indian Native Americans primarily African Black Americans developmental stages Erikson MID model Atkinson, Morten, & Sue Sex Role Inventory Bem primarily Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican Hispanic Americans five life-span eras Levinson This may be basic, additive, or subtractive. empathy This treatment focuses on the client's past. psychoanalysis When counselors accept and value clients without reservation, they demonstrate __________. UPR This type of therapy insists that clients take full responsibility for their actions. reality Humanistic counselors believe clients are inherently moving towards ____________. self-actualization This relationship is voluntary, professional, and egalitarian. consultation Counselors who consistently behave in accordance with their own values and perceptions are showing genuiness. This counselor has a personal style incorporating various theories and approaches. eclectic According to __________, clients' current behaviors, feelings, and actions are based on their life scripts. TA View __________developed scales for measuring empathy, genuiness, and respect. Carkhuff Counselors who fear rejection or closeness and affection may have difficulty developing _________in the helping relationship. intimacy Clients feel they have really been understood when counselors use accurate ______________. reflection of content and feeling. _____________ uses an approach that is very effective for treating depression. Beck Counselors who apply complete thinking, feeling & behavior towards clients, use helping skill known as attending This approach explores what is affecting the client in the here and now. Gestalt Listening, attending, & inquiring helping skills _____________recognized the importance of a person's position in the family constellation. Adler When a client directs toward the counselor feelings that were once attached to a significant other, _________ takes place. transference He introduced the concept of observational learning. Bandura A process of eliminating anxiety by pairing the anxiety-evoking situation with a relaxing response. systematic desenstization A basic premise of ____________ is that people are influenced by the consequences of their behavior. behavior modification This view holds that individuals are essentially good in nature with a tendency toward growth and productivity.. client-centered view Flooding the client with anxiety-producing stimuli within a safe setting is called implosive therapy Counselors who keep confidentiality, are reliable, and are dependable slowly develop trustworthiness The concept of collective unconscious was introduced by Jung Adler individual psychology Bandura social learning theory Beck cognitive therapy Berne TA Caplan mental health consultation Carkhuff counselor response scales Egan helping skills Ellis RET & REBT Frankl paradoxical intention Freud psychoanalysis Gendlin focusing Glasser reality therapy Horney neo-Freudian Ivey microskills Jung analytical psychotherapy Kurpius consultation modalities Maslow hierarchy of needs Moreno psychodrama Parsons father of guidance Perls gestalt Rogers person-centered Schein process consultation Skinner behavior modification Wolpe behavior therapy This leadership style leaves all the group decision making up to the members of the group. Laissez-faire The group's attractiveness to it's members is known as cohesiveness One of the first things a group needs to do is start developing rules of conduct, known as norms One of the basic techniques in transactional analysis is called life-script analysis Personal growth group leaders are referred to as facilitators This consists of the members of the groups analyzing the group's functioning. group process Members may join at any time during the life of this type of group. Open Group A direct expression of one's views and feelings in a conflict situation that also invites the oppostition to do the same. confrontation One way groups are helpful is by providing members with in vivo This concludes that group members change their behavior as a result of being observed. The Hawthorne Effect "What happens in the group stays in the group" is an underlying assumption of confidentiality According to Gazda, the stage linking exploration and action is the transition "Primary," "secondary," and "tertiary" refer to prevention These define the expectations of the group concerning the group members. Group roles Counselors who focus on the group as a whole use horizontal intervention