Pathophysiology Exam 1 Study Group
Terminology
Carcinogenesis
o The initiation of cancer where normal cells transform into cancerous cells
o Very slow process
One mutation after another
Exudate
o Massive cells that have seeped into tissue
o Forms battlefield for white blood
cells Antibody
o Specific protein that are produced by B cells and binds to
antigens Antigen
o Foreign substances that activate immune system to produce specific
antibodies Necrosis
o Cell death usually caused by hypoxia
o Usually causes tissue damage
o Triggers inflammation
Chronic inflammation
o Lasts longer than 3
weeks Phenotype
o Physical appearance
o Expression of
genes Phagocytosis
o Ingestion of foreign bacteria or material by
phagocytes Osmosis
o Force of water from low to high
concentration Metaplasia
o Mature cell type replaced by another mature
cell type Hypertrophy
o Increased cell size
Exercise, high cardiac work load
Diffusion
o Movement of solutes from high concentration to low
concentration Hyperplasia
o Increased number of
cells Anaplasia
o Cells are completely undifferentiated/non-
functioning Aerobic phosphorylation
o Oxygen and glucose to produce 3 ATP with no
byproducts Anaerobic glycolysis
o Glucose to lactate with no oxygen and a byproduct of
pyruvic acid Apoptosis
o Programmed or controlled cell death
, Engulfs itself
Mitosis
o Process of cell reproduction
2 daughter cells identical to parent cell, exact
copies Inflammation
o Nonspecific response to tissue damage
o Protect from further injury and promote
healing Dysplasia
o Various shape and sizes of cells
o Precancerous
o Still function correctly, but look
different Atrophy
o Decreased cell size
Aging, decreased muscle
use Differentiation
o Specialization of
cells Nondisjunction
o Failure of one or more chromosomes being distributed to daughter cells correctly
One daughter cell may have 2 chromatids and another may
have none Multifactorial inheritance
o Multiple mutated genes possibly from heredity
o Other influences such as environment and nutrition affect genes
as well Degranulation
o Release of inflammatory chemicals by mast cell.
o Mast cell breaks and releases chemicals such as
histamine Macrophage
o White blood cell that is phagocytic
Engulfs other cells
Metastasis
o Transfer of disease from one organ to another
o Movement through blood and lymph
nodes Fibrinogen
o Protein that stops bleeding by helping clot
o Triggered by clotting
cascade Immunodeficiency
o Inability to fight infection
o Decrease or lack of immune
system Histamine
o Causes vasodilation during inflammation
o Released by basophils and mast
cells Active immunity
o Develops antibodies in response to
antigens Natural
Direct
exposure Artificial
Vaccine
Risk factors
o Puts at risk for
disease Decompensation
Terminology
Carcinogenesis
o The initiation of cancer where normal cells transform into cancerous cells
o Very slow process
One mutation after another
Exudate
o Massive cells that have seeped into tissue
o Forms battlefield for white blood
cells Antibody
o Specific protein that are produced by B cells and binds to
antigens Antigen
o Foreign substances that activate immune system to produce specific
antibodies Necrosis
o Cell death usually caused by hypoxia
o Usually causes tissue damage
o Triggers inflammation
Chronic inflammation
o Lasts longer than 3
weeks Phenotype
o Physical appearance
o Expression of
genes Phagocytosis
o Ingestion of foreign bacteria or material by
phagocytes Osmosis
o Force of water from low to high
concentration Metaplasia
o Mature cell type replaced by another mature
cell type Hypertrophy
o Increased cell size
Exercise, high cardiac work load
Diffusion
o Movement of solutes from high concentration to low
concentration Hyperplasia
o Increased number of
cells Anaplasia
o Cells are completely undifferentiated/non-
functioning Aerobic phosphorylation
o Oxygen and glucose to produce 3 ATP with no
byproducts Anaerobic glycolysis
o Glucose to lactate with no oxygen and a byproduct of
pyruvic acid Apoptosis
o Programmed or controlled cell death
, Engulfs itself
Mitosis
o Process of cell reproduction
2 daughter cells identical to parent cell, exact
copies Inflammation
o Nonspecific response to tissue damage
o Protect from further injury and promote
healing Dysplasia
o Various shape and sizes of cells
o Precancerous
o Still function correctly, but look
different Atrophy
o Decreased cell size
Aging, decreased muscle
use Differentiation
o Specialization of
cells Nondisjunction
o Failure of one or more chromosomes being distributed to daughter cells correctly
One daughter cell may have 2 chromatids and another may
have none Multifactorial inheritance
o Multiple mutated genes possibly from heredity
o Other influences such as environment and nutrition affect genes
as well Degranulation
o Release of inflammatory chemicals by mast cell.
o Mast cell breaks and releases chemicals such as
histamine Macrophage
o White blood cell that is phagocytic
Engulfs other cells
Metastasis
o Transfer of disease from one organ to another
o Movement through blood and lymph
nodes Fibrinogen
o Protein that stops bleeding by helping clot
o Triggered by clotting
cascade Immunodeficiency
o Inability to fight infection
o Decrease or lack of immune
system Histamine
o Causes vasodilation during inflammation
o Released by basophils and mast
cells Active immunity
o Develops antibodies in response to
antigens Natural
Direct
exposure Artificial
Vaccine
Risk factors
o Puts at risk for
disease Decompensation
