CALT Exam Study Guide
Rhyming - ✔ One of the first phonological awareness skills to develop
Blending & segmenting at syllable level - ✔ Develops at 3-4 years
Segmenting phonemes - ✔ Develops at 4-5 years
Isolating beginning sound in words, segmenting phonemes in CVC words - ✔ Develops
in kindergarten
Segmenting words with consonant blends - ✔ Develops in first grade
Receptive oral language - ✔ Listening
Expressive oral language - ✔ Speaking
Receptive written language - ✔ Reading
Expressive written language - ✔ Writing
__ letters representing __ phonemes - ✔ 26, 44
5 vowel letters, __ vowel sounds - ✔ 15
Long vowels - ✔ Tense Vowels. (Beet, bait, boat, boot, bite, boy, bout) (a, e, i, o, u, oy,
ou, oo)
Short vowels - ✔ Lax vowels - pat, pet, pit, pot, put, putt (a, e, i ,o, u, oo)
Fricatives - ✔ produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v)
Affricates - ✔ ch/j
Glides - ✔ W, y
Liquids - ✔ l, r
Alphabetic principle - ✔ an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken language
Six syllable types - ✔ closed, open, VCe, C+le, R controlled, vowel pairs
, Semantics - ✔ Language content— meaning of words and the relationship between
and among words
Pragmatics - ✔ Language use— reasons, codes/styles, conversation rules
Phonology - ✔ the study of speech sounds in language
Morphology - ✔ units of meaning involved in word formation
Syntax - ✔ the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a
given language
Teutonic Invasion - ✔ Shifted the balance of power in Central Europe leading up to the
Christianizing of Britain
Norman Conquest - ✔ Began in 1066. Led by William the Conquerer. His military
victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England. This control would
influence England more with continental Europe than Scandinavian culture. Would also
lead to rivalry between England and France for the next millenium.
Renaissance - ✔ "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the
revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
The Great Vowel Shift - ✔ a phonetic shift in the way that long vowels were
pronounced in English
Dyslexia - ✔ A specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is a deficit in
the phonological component of language and is characterized by poor spelling and
decoding abilities.
Inferior frontal gyrus - ✔ Broca's area — articulation and word analysis
Parieto-temporal area - ✔ Brain part responsible for word analysis
Occipito-temporal region - ✔ The vision center — word form
Angular gyrus - ✔ transforms visual representations into an auditory code
Wernicke's area - ✔ controls language reception - a brain area involved in language
comprehension and expression; in the parieto-temporal lobe
Decode - ✔ Determine pronunciation of a word by breaking it down into sounds
Encode - ✔ To spell
Rhyming - ✔ One of the first phonological awareness skills to develop
Blending & segmenting at syllable level - ✔ Develops at 3-4 years
Segmenting phonemes - ✔ Develops at 4-5 years
Isolating beginning sound in words, segmenting phonemes in CVC words - ✔ Develops
in kindergarten
Segmenting words with consonant blends - ✔ Develops in first grade
Receptive oral language - ✔ Listening
Expressive oral language - ✔ Speaking
Receptive written language - ✔ Reading
Expressive written language - ✔ Writing
__ letters representing __ phonemes - ✔ 26, 44
5 vowel letters, __ vowel sounds - ✔ 15
Long vowels - ✔ Tense Vowels. (Beet, bait, boat, boot, bite, boy, bout) (a, e, i, o, u, oy,
ou, oo)
Short vowels - ✔ Lax vowels - pat, pet, pit, pot, put, putt (a, e, i ,o, u, oo)
Fricatives - ✔ produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v)
Affricates - ✔ ch/j
Glides - ✔ W, y
Liquids - ✔ l, r
Alphabetic principle - ✔ an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken language
Six syllable types - ✔ closed, open, VCe, C+le, R controlled, vowel pairs
, Semantics - ✔ Language content— meaning of words and the relationship between
and among words
Pragmatics - ✔ Language use— reasons, codes/styles, conversation rules
Phonology - ✔ the study of speech sounds in language
Morphology - ✔ units of meaning involved in word formation
Syntax - ✔ the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a
given language
Teutonic Invasion - ✔ Shifted the balance of power in Central Europe leading up to the
Christianizing of Britain
Norman Conquest - ✔ Began in 1066. Led by William the Conquerer. His military
victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England. This control would
influence England more with continental Europe than Scandinavian culture. Would also
lead to rivalry between England and France for the next millenium.
Renaissance - ✔ "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the
revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
The Great Vowel Shift - ✔ a phonetic shift in the way that long vowels were
pronounced in English
Dyslexia - ✔ A specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is a deficit in
the phonological component of language and is characterized by poor spelling and
decoding abilities.
Inferior frontal gyrus - ✔ Broca's area — articulation and word analysis
Parieto-temporal area - ✔ Brain part responsible for word analysis
Occipito-temporal region - ✔ The vision center — word form
Angular gyrus - ✔ transforms visual representations into an auditory code
Wernicke's area - ✔ controls language reception - a brain area involved in language
comprehension and expression; in the parieto-temporal lobe
Decode - ✔ Determine pronunciation of a word by breaking it down into sounds
Encode - ✔ To spell
