CALT Exam Prep_People updated
version 2022/2023
Rudolph Flesch - Ans Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on
how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't
Read" (Mid 1950s)
Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - Ans Developed the Top-Down approach to
reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in
children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole
Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out.
(1980s)
G. Reid Lyon - Ans Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)
Top-Down Theory - Ans led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith
**strong meaning-based position
**Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game"
**rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual
information
**only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the
reader needs to go back and reread
**this is Whole Language characteristic
Bottom-Up Theory - Ans emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its
contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification,
must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics)
Interactive Theory - Ans readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict
meaning----these are reciprocal events
analytical approach - Ans whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the
board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts
synthetic approach - Ans part (letters) to whole words (bottom up)
linguistics-based beginning reading approach - Ans Learning to recognize word
families (bat, cat, hat, )
D. Berlin (1887) - Ans Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning
pertaining to words.
James Hinshelwood (1917) - Ans "word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland
that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage
version 2022/2023
Rudolph Flesch - Ans Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on
how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't
Read" (Mid 1950s)
Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - Ans Developed the Top-Down approach to
reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in
children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole
Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out.
(1980s)
G. Reid Lyon - Ans Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)
Top-Down Theory - Ans led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith
**strong meaning-based position
**Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game"
**rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual
information
**only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the
reader needs to go back and reread
**this is Whole Language characteristic
Bottom-Up Theory - Ans emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its
contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification,
must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics)
Interactive Theory - Ans readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict
meaning----these are reciprocal events
analytical approach - Ans whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the
board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts
synthetic approach - Ans part (letters) to whole words (bottom up)
linguistics-based beginning reading approach - Ans Learning to recognize word
families (bat, cat, hat, )
D. Berlin (1887) - Ans Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning
pertaining to words.
James Hinshelwood (1917) - Ans "word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland
that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage
