ATI-TEAS QUESTION BANK 2023 LATEST SOLUTION BEST FOR 2023

ATI-TEAS QUESTION BANK 2023 LATEST SOLUTION BEST FOR 2023What is the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the airway? a) trachea b) esophagus c) diagram d) epiglottis (Test 1) ANS - d) epiglottis "the epiglottis covers the trachea during swallowing, thus preventing food from entering the airway" ?= aka the windpipe - is a cylindrical portion of the respiratory tract that joins the larynx with the lungs (Test 1) ANS - Trachea ?= connects the throat to the stomach - when someone swallows, this contracts to force the food down into the stomach - like other structures in the respiratory system, this structure secretes mucus for lubrication (Test 1) ANS - Esophagus Which substance makes up the pads that provide support between the vertebrae? a) bone b) cartilage c) tendon d) fat (Test 1) ANS - b) cartilage Where is the parathyroid gland located? a) neck b) back c) side d) brain (Test 1) ANS - a) neck Which element w/in the respiratory system is responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs? a) bronchial tubes b) cilia c) trachea d) alveoli (Test 1) ANS - b) cilia (READ STARRED BULLET POINT****)- the cilia are the tiny hairs in the respiratory system that are responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs **the cilia are located within the BRONCHIAL TUES, BUT it is the cilia that have the responsibility for removing inappropriate materials b4 they enter the lungs** Organized from high to low, the hierarchy of the human body's structure is as follows: organism, organ system, organs, tissues Which of the following comes next? a) molecules b) atoms c) cells d) muscle (Test 1) ANS - d) cells after cells comes molecules & then atoms On average, how many neutrons does one atom of bromine (Br) have? NOTE: - atomic #= 35 - atomic mass= 79.9 a) 35 b) 44.90 c) 45 d) 79.90 (Test 1) ANS - b) 44.90 to determine the number of neutrons (n), subtract the atomic number (35) from the atomic mass (79.9) 79.9 - 35 = 44.90 On average, how many protons does one atom of zinc (Zn) have? NOTE: - atomic # = 30 - atomic mass = 65.39 a) 30 b) 35 c) 35.39 d) 65.39 (Test 1) ANS - a) 30 - The number of protons is the atomic number - The number of protons is the same for every atom of a given elementWhat is the name of the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood? a) osmosis b) diffusion c) dissipation d) reverse osmosis (Test 1) ANS - b) diffusion cannot be osmosis- osmosis is the movement of a solution from an area of low conc to an area of higher conc through a permeable membrane cannot be dissipation- dissipation is any wasteful consumption or use cannot be reverse osmosis- a process for purifying a solution by forcing it through a membrane that blocks only certain pollutants Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels? a) parathyroid glands b) thyroid glands c) adrenal glands d) pancreas (Test 1) ANS - a) parathyroid glands "The parathyroid glands are 4 small glands that sit on top of the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels by secreting parathyroid hormone. The hormone regulates the amount of CALCIUM & MAGNESIUM that is excreted by the KIDNEYS into the URINE" Which secretion of the digestive system is responsible for water reabsorption? a) large intestine b) duodenum c) small intestine d) gallbladder (Test 1) ANS - a) large intestine LI main functions: - reabsorption of water into body to form solid waste** - allows for absorption of vit K Which of the following describes one responsibility of the integumentary system? a) distributing vital substances (such as nutrients) throughout the body b) blocking pathogens that cause diseases c) sending leaked fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood vesselsd) storing bodily hormones that influence gender traits (Test 1) ANS - b) blocking pathogens that cause diseases "The integumetnary system includes skin, hair, & mucous membranes, all of which are responsible (in part) for blocking disease-causing pathogens from entering the blood stream" IT CANNOT be A b/c the circulatory system distributes vital substances through the body IT CANNOT be C b/c the lymphatic system sends leaked fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood vessels IT CANNOT be D b/c the reproductive system stores bodily hormones that influence gender traits When are the parasympathetic nerves active w/in the nervous system? When an individual.... a) experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement b) feels pain or heat c) is either talking or walking d) is either resting or eating (Test 1) ANS - d) when an individual is either resting or eating When are the sympathetic nerves active w/in the nervous system? When an individual.... a) experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement b) feels pain or heat c) is either talking or walking d) is either resting or eating (Test 1) ANS - a) when an individual experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement When are the sensory neurons active w/in the nervous system? When an individual.... a) experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement b) feels pain or heat c) is either talking or walking d) is either resting or eating (Test 1) ANS - b) when an individual feels pain or heat When are the sensory-somatic ns active w/in the nervous system? When an individual.... a) experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement b) feels pain or heat c) is either talking or walkingd) is either resting or eating (Test 1) ANS - c) when an individual is either talking or walking Which of the following best describes the relationship b/w the circulation system & the integumentary system a) removal of excess heat from body b) hormonal influence on bp c) regulation of blood's pressure and volume d) development of blood cells w/in marrow (Test 1) ANS - a) removal of excess heat from body "the integumentary system (ie: skin, hair, etc) coordinates with the circulatory system to remove excess heat from the body. The superficial blood vessels (nearest the skin surface) dilate to allow the heat to exit the body" NOT B b/c the hormonal influence on bp is the result of the relationship b/w the circulatory system and the endocrine system NOT C b/c the urinary system is responsible for assisting in the regulation of blood's pressure and volume NOT D b/c the skeletal system is responsible for assisting in the development of blood vessels w/in the marrow The hormonal influence on bp is the result of the relationship between the circulatory system & the ? system (Test 1) ANS - Endocrine System The ? system is responsible for assisting in the regulation of blood's pressure and volume (Test 1) ANS - Urinary System The ? system is responsible for assisting in the development of blood vessels w/in the marrow ANS - Skeletal System Once blood has been oxygenated, it travels through the pulmonary veins, through the left atrium, and then through the ? before entering the left ventricle a) tricuspid valve b) mitral valve c) pulmonary arteries d) aorta (Test 1) ANS - b) mitral valve The part of the human excretory system most responsible for maintaining normal body temperature is the: a) kidneyb) bladder c) liver d) sweat glands (Test 1) ANS - d) sweat glands NOTE: the kidney, bladder, & liver are not involved in regulating body temperature A part of which body system controls fluid loss, protects deep tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D? a) skeletal system b) muscular system c) lymphatic system d) integumentary system (Test 1) ANS - d) integumentary system (includes skin, hair, mucous membranes) There are three insects that are being compared under a microscope.....Which unit of measurement would be best for this situation? a) centimeters b) meters c) micrometers d) kilometers (Test 1) ANS - c) micrometers (smallest unit of measurement; note also using microscope to measure so it is very small) The respiratory system ? oxygen and ? carbon dioxide a) inhales; exhales b) delivers; expels c) creates; absorbs d) exhales; inhales (Test 1) ANS - b) delivers; expels Our respiratory systems (RS) INHALE AIR, of which oxygen is one component. From that inhaled air, the RS DELIVERS OXYGEN Through gas exchange, it EXPELS CARBON DIOXIDE from the body as we EXHALE ** We do not use our RS to exhale o2 or inhale co2 (re: d) What is the name for any substance that stimulates the production of antibodies a) collagen b) hemoglobinc) lymph d) antigen (Test 1) ANS - d) antigen The name for a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies is an antigen. An antigen is any substance perceived by the immune system as dangerous. When the body senses an antigen, it produces an antibody Which group of major parts and organs make up the immune system? a) lymphatic system, spleen, tonsils, thymus, & bone marrow b) brain, spinal cord, & nerve cells c) heart, veins, arteries, & capillaries d) nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveolus, & diaphragm (Test 1) ANS - a) lymphatic system, spleen, tonsils, thymus, & bone marrow Which of the following cannot exist in RNA? a) uracil b) thymine c) cytosine d) guanine (Test 1) ANS - b) thymine In which of the following muscle types are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner? a) cardiac b) smooth c) skeletal d) rough (Test 1) ANS - b) smooth smooth muscle tissue is said to be arranged in a disorderly fashion b/c it is NOT STRIATED like the other 2 types of muscle (cardiac and skeletal) Rough muscle does not exist (1) Identify the tissue(s) that is/are striated (2) Identify the tissue(s) that is/are NOT striated a) cardiac b) smooth c) skeletal d) rough (Test 1) ANS - (1) Striated- a- cardiac - c- skeletal (2) Not Striated - a- smooth ** rough does not exist!! Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland? a) insulin b) testosterone c) melatonin d) epinephrin (Test 1) ANS - c) melatonin MELATONIN= primary function is regulation of the circadian cycle (rhythum of sleep/wakefulness) INSULIN= helps regulate the amount of glucose in the body - w/o insulin, the body is unable to convert blood sugar into energy TESTOSTERONE= the main hormone produced by the testes; responsible for male sex characteristics EPINEPHRINE= AKA ADRENALINE; quickens/strengthens the heartbeat & dilates the bronchioles; secreted when the body senses danger In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to one ? for the traits to develop correctly a) codon b) protein c) amino acid d) chromosome (Test 1) ANS - b) protein Which of the following is not composed of skeletal muscle a) quadriceps b) uterus c) triceps d) gastrocnemius (Test 1) ANS - b) uterus SKELETAL MUSCLES are voluntary muscles that help support the skeletal structures (ex: biceps, triceps, quads, gluteus, gastrocnemius muscles, etc) SMOOTH MUSCLES are involuntary muscles primarily found in the visceral organs(ex: intestines, prostate, reproductive organs, bladder, trachea) Which of the following best describes the careful ordering of molecules w/in solids that have a fixed shape? a) physical bonding b) polar molecules c) metalloid structure d) crystalline order (Test 1) ANS - d) crystalline order "solids with a fixed shape have a crystalline order that defines and maintains that shape" Which of the following structures move downward during inspiration? a) lungs b) diaphragm c) ribs d) heart (Test 1) ANS - b) diaphragm The diaphragm moves downward or contracts to increase the space in the thoracic cavity. This downward motion inflates the lungs and contracts the ribs. The heart's position does not change during inspiration or expiration Which of the following describes the transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout the cell? a) golgi apparatus b) endoplasmic reticulum c) mitochondria d) nucleolus (Test 1) ANS - b) endoplasmic reticulum Note: the golgi apparatus assists in the transport but the ER is the actual transport network Which of the following statements is correct about normal human lung anatomy? R= right; L= left a) the R lung has 3 lobes; the L lung has 2 lobes b) the R lung has 2 lobes; the L lung has 3 lobes c) both lungs have 2 lobes d) both lungs have 3 lobes (Test 1) ANS - a) the right lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has 2 lobesAll of the following belong together except: a) ventricle b) alveoli c) atrium d) septum (Test 1) ANS - b) alveoli ALVEOLI are air sacs found w/in the lung parenchyma and are not part of the cardiac system (a,c,d are part of cardiac system) SEPTUM= is the dividing wall b/w the R and L sides of the heart ATRIUM= Upper 2 chambers of the heart VENTRICLE= Lower 2 chambers of the heart Which system's primary function is to release hormones? a) cardiovascular b) endocrine c) integumentary d) immune (Test 1) ANS - b) endocrine The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testicles. They secrete hormones that help regulate mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and reproductive processes The heart is located in which of the following areas? a) pelvic b) abdominopelvic c) abdominal d) thoracic (Test 1) ANS - d) thoracic The thoracic cavity extends from the neck to the diaphragm Major structures of the thoracic cavity are ribs, heart, lungs, mediastinum, trachea, and the esophagus A substance is considered acidic if it has a pH (LESS/MORE?) than 7 ANS - Less than 7 Which of the following choices best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?a) lateral b) anterior c) posterior d) dorsal (Test 1) ANS - b) anterior A triple beam balance would show the units of measurement in which form? a) liters b) grams c) meters d) gallons (Test 1) ANS - b) grams A triple beam balance measures the weight of an object Which of the following best describes one of the roles of RNA? a) manufacturing the proteins needed for DNA b) creating the bonds b/w the elements that compose DNA c) sending messages about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA d) forming the identifiable "double helix" shape of DNA (Test 1) ANS - c) sending messages about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA Which of the following do CATALYSTS alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction a) substrate energy b) activation energy c) inhibitor energy d) promoter energy (Test 1) ANS - b) activation energy How many layers of skin do humans have? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 (Test 1) ANS - c) 3 3 Layers of skin called the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat Which item in the following list is NOT one of the major types of bones in the human body? a) dense boneb) long bone c) short bone d) irregular bone (Test 2) ANS - a) dense bone The human body has 5 types of bones: - long - short - irregular - flat - sesamoid While bones may be dense, this is not a major category of bones in the body Which of the following bone types is embedded in tendons? a) long bones b) sesamoid bones c) flat bones d) verticle bones (Test 2) ANS - b) sesamoid bones Which of the following is not a product of respiration? a) carbon dioxide b) water c) glucose d) ATP (Test 2) ANS - c) glucose "In respiration, food is used to produce energy as glucose and oxygen that reaction to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP" Of the following, the blood vessel containing the least-oxygenated blood is: a) the aorta b) the vena cava c) the pulmonary artery d) the capillaries (Test 2) ANS - c) the pulmonary artery Test 2 #10- see p292 Since the pulmonary artery is the last step b4 replenishment of the blood's oxygen content, it contains the blood which is the most oxygen depleted Which layer of the heart contains striated muscle fibers for contraction of the heart? a) pericardium b) epicardium c) endocardium d) myocardium(Test 2) ANS - d) myocardium The myocardium is the layer of the heart that contains the muscle fibers responsible for contraction **HINT: MYO is the prefix for muscle** The endocardium & epicardium are the inner and outer layers of the heart wall the pericardium is the sac in which the heart sits inside the chest cavity Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart? a) pulmonary vein b) pulmonary artery c) aorta d) superior vena cava (Test 2) ANS - a) pulmonary vein TRICKY QUESTION! Most of the time veins carry deoxygenated blood and arteries carry oxygenated blood However, in this case, the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart and the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs How is meiosis similar to mitosis? a) both produce daughter cells that are genetically identical b) both produce daughter cells that are genetically different c) both occur in humans, other animals, and plants d) both occur asexually (Test 2) ANS - c) both occur in humans, other animals, and plants MITOSIS produces cells that are genetically IDENTICAL **ONLY mitosis occurs ASEXUALLY** MEIOSIS produces cells that are genetically DIFFERENT How do DNA and RNA function together as part of the human genome? a) DNA carries genetic info from RNA to the cell cytoplasm b) RNA carries genetic info from DNA to the cell cytoplasm c) DNA and RNA carry genetic info from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm d) DNA and RNA do not interact w/in the cell (Test 2) ANS - b) RNA carries genetic info from DNA to the cell cytoplasm DNA is the primary carrier of genetic info in most cells RNA serves as a messenger that transmits genetic info from DNA to the cytoplasm of the cellThe majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the: a) mouth b) stomach c) small intestine d) large intestine (Test 2) ANS - c) small intestine Food passes thru the SI.... (SI= where nutrients are absorbed) ....and then into the LI (LI= where extra water is absorbed) Which of the following characteristics is part of a person's genotype: a) brown eyes that appear hazel in the sunlight b) CFTR genes that cause cystic fibrosis c) black hair that grows rapidly d) being a fast runner (Test 2) ANS - b) CFTR genes that cause cystic fibrosis GENOTYPE= describes a person's genetic makeup PHENOTYPE= describes a person's observable characteristics Among the choices, the CFTR gene refers to genetic makeup while the other choices describe traits that are observable Where is the interstitial fluid found? a) in the blood an in the lymphatic vessels b) in the tissues around cells c) in the cells d) in the ventricles of the brain (Test 2) ANS - b) in the tissues around cells INTERSTITIAL FLUID INTRACELLULAR FLUID is found w/in the cells (c) CEREBROSPINAL FLUID is found in the ventricles of the brain and down into the spinal cord (d) BLOOD & LYMPH are the fluids that carry nutrients, oxygen, waste, and lymph material throughout the body (a) Which type of cell secretes antibodies? a) bacterial cell b) viral cellc) lymph cell d) plasma cell (Test 2) ANS - d) plasma cell Plasma cells secrete antibodies **** What type of molecules are enzymes? a) water molecules b) protein molecules c) tripolar molecules d) inorganic molecules (Test 2) ANS - b) protein molecules Which structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland? a) hypothalamus b) adrenal gland c) testes d) pancreas (Test 2) ANS - a) hypothalamus ADRENAL GLANDS lie above the kidneys, secrete steroidal hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine (b) PANCREAS secretes insulin and a fluid that aids in digestion (d) Where does gas exchange occur in the human body? a) alveoli b) bronchi c) larynx d) pharyn (Test 2) ANS - a) alveoli ALVEOLI= the minute air sacs on the interior of the lungs BRONCHI= large cartilage-based tubes of air; they extend from the trachea into the lungs, where they branch apart LARYNX= houses the vocal cords, is positioned b/w the trachea and the pharynx; is involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking In order to enter the BRONCHI or LARYNX, air and other matters must pass through the PHARYNX The PHARYNX extends from the nose to the uppermost portion of the trachea and esophagus All of the following belong together except:a) trachea b) bronchi c) esophagus d) larynx (Test 2) ANS - c) esophagus **** The esophagus is the only structure that is not part of the respiratory system; it is part of the digestive system **** An atom has 5 protons, 5 neutrons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom? a) neutral b) positive c) negative d) undetermined (Test 2) ANS - c) negative protons= + neutrons= neutral electrons = - Which of the following best describes the structures found underneath each rib in descending order? a) vein, nerve, artery b) artery, vein, nerve c) vein, artery, nerve d) nerve, vein, artery (Test 2) ANS - c) vein, artery, nerve Which of the following is true regarding the primary function of the spleen? a) it produces bile to emulsify fats b) it filters microorganisms and other foreign substances from the blood c) it helps control blood glucose levels and regulates bp d) it regulates blood clotting factors (Test 2) ANS - b) it filters microorganisms and other foreign substances from the blood The spleen's job is to filter the blood by removing dead or dying red blood cells as well as microorganisms Which of the following is a protein that interferes with virus protection? a) lysozyme b) prion c) interferon d) keratin(Test 2) ANS - c) interferon INTERFERE "Interferons are members of a larger class of proteins called cytokines. Cytokines are specialized proteins that carry large signals b/w cells. Interferons are proteins that are produced by cells infected by pathogens such as viruses. They signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins which help prevent the spread of infection" Which of the following does not contain blood vessels? a) hyperdermis b) hypodermis c) dermis d) epidermis (Test 2) ANS - d) epidermis What structure releases hormones that stimulate the gonads during puberty? a) hypothalamus b) midbrain c) basal ganglia d) hippocampus (Test 2) ANS - a) hypothalamus Hypothalamus also helps regulate temperature, sleep, emotions, sexual function, and behavior Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure? a) arteries b) arteriole c) venule d) vein (Test 2) ANS - d) vein VEINS carry oxygen-poor blood from the outlying pats of the body to the heart An ARTERY carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the peripheral parts of the body An ARTERIOLE extends from an artery to a capillary A VENULE is a tiny vein that extends from a capillary to a large vein Which of the heart chambers is the most muscular? a) left atrium b) right atriumc) left ventricle d) right ventricle (Test 2) ANS - c) left ventricle Which part of the brain interprets sensory information? a) cerebrum b) hindbrain c) cerebellum d) medulla oblongata (Test 2) ANS - a) cerebrum CEREBRUM= interprets sensory info; largest part of the brain CEREBELLUM= controls voluntary and involuntary movements MEDULLA OBLONGATA= responsible for blood flow and breathing among other things Which part of the brain controls voluntary and involuntary movements? a) cerebrum b) hindbrain c) cerebellum d) medulla oblongata (Test 2) ANS - c) cerebellum Which part of the brain is responsible for blood flow and breathing (among other things as well) a) cerebrum b) hindbrain c) cerebellum d) medulla oblongata (Test 2) ANS - d) medulla oblongata A vaccination is a way of acquiring which type of immunity? a) passive natural immunity b) active natural immunity c) active artificial immunity d) passive artificial immunity (Test 2) ANS - c) active artificial immunity "A vaccination is a way of acquiring active artificial immunity, where antigen is deliberately induced into an individual to stimulate the immune system" Which component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate? a) central NSb) sympathetic NS c) parasympathetic NS d) distal NS (Test 2) ANS - c) parasympathetic NS Which component of the nervous system is responsible for accelerating the heart rate? a) central NS b) sympathetic NS c) parasympathetic NS d) distal NS (Test 2) ANS - b) sympathetic NS Which of the following is NOT classified as a synovial joint? a) femur and pelvis b) skull bone c) humerus and ulna d) humerus and scapula (Kaplan p203 skeletal system) ANS - b) skull bones Recall that synovial joints are MOVABLE joints Types of synovial joints are the pivot, the ball-and-socket, and the hinge A defect in which of the following parts of bone would be most likely to result in stunted growth? a) diaphysis b) epiphysis c) epiphyseal plate d) periosteum (Kaplan p205 skeletal system) ANS - c) epiphyseal plate **Epiphyseal Plate (growth plate), is the site of new bone growth** DEFNS for other options: - DIAPHYSIS: the cylindrical shaft of the long bone - EPIPHYSIS: the dilated ends of long bone - PERIOSTEUM: a fibrous sheath, surrounds and protects the bone An overactivation of which of the following bone cells could lead to osteoperosis? a) osteon b) osteoblast c) osteoclast d) osteocyte (Kaplan p207 skeletal system) ANS - c) osteoclastrecall, osteoporosis results from a demineralization of bone, thus the function of the cell responsible for osteoporosis must be breaking down bone osteoclasts "cleave" or break down bone Drugs designed to treat osteoporosis would most likely increase the activity of which of the following bone cells? a) osteoblast b) osteoclast c) osteocyte d) osteon (Kaplan p208) ANS - a) osteoblast Which of the following bones can be characterized as a long bone? a) carpal b) humerus c) pelvis d) vertebra (Kaplan p208) ANS - b) humerus The autonomic nervous system would be involved in all of the following EXCEPT a) digesting a meal b) exhaling after holding your breath c) maintaining blood pressure d) jerking away from a painful stimulus (Kaplan p211) ANS - d) jerking away from a painful stimulus ANS regulates body processes that do not require conscious control. The ANS carries impulses b/w smooth and cardiac muscle and the CNS Re: D- reacting to a painful stimulus is a reflex action under involuntary control. However, reflex actions are controlled by skeletal muscles- this is therefor NOT regulated by the ANS NOT A- b/c digestion is an involuntary process involving the smooth muscle of the stomach and intestions and glandular secretions (FOR MORE INFO SEE P211) Which of the following neuromuscular processes are involved in chemical digestion? a) autonomic control by the sciatic nerve b) somatic control by the vagus nerve c) smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine d) skeletal muscle contraction in the stomach (Kaplan p212) ANS - c) smooth muscle contraction in the small intestine Recall that chemical digestion is an involuntary process that occurs primarily in the stomach and intestines - predict that the correct answer will involve either smooth muscle or autonomic nervesMuscular contraction will only occur if a) acetylcholine is released by the dendrite b) an action potential travels down the axon c) all the motor units are activated d) the muscle tissue is polarized (Kaplan p214) ANS - b) an action potential travels down the axon Recall that muscle contraction begins with the polarization of the dendrite and ends with the binding of actin and myosin NOT A- b/c ach is released at the synapse, not the dendrite (and is only 1 of many neurotransmitters) NOT C- b/c while motor units always contract in an all-or-none fashion, a muscle may contract when only some of its motor units are activated (if only a few units are activated, the contraction will be weak) NOT D- b/c it is the polarization of the neuron, not the muscle tissue, that initiates contraction Signals from touch receptors in the hand are transmitted to the brain via a) an afferent neuron b) the brain stem c) an efferent neuron d) a motor neuron (Kaplan p215) ANS - a) an afferent neuron Sensory info (such as temp, pain, or pressure) is conveyed to the brain along afferent (sensory) neurons Response commands from the CNS are transmitted back to the musculate along efferent (motor) neurons Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in a) speech impairment b) difficulty walking c) loss of short-term memory d) life-threatening injury (Kaplan p215) ANS - b) difficulty walking Cerebellum= coordinates muscle control & balance Which of these statements is correct regarding muscle contraction? a) when a person is at rest, no muscles are contracting b) muscle contraction is activated by actin and myelin cross-bridges c) sensory neurons stimulate muscle tissue to contract d) muscle fibers contract in an all-or-none fashion (Kaplan p215) ANS - d) muscle fibers contract in an all-or-none- fashionNOT A- b/c even when a person is at rest, vital muscular contractions involving smooth muscle are still occurring NOT B- b/c muscle contraction is activated by ACTIN & MYOSIN (not myelin!!!!) ******** - MYELIN is the insulation surrounding axons**** NOT C- b/c sensory neurons carry signals from the muscle to the brain - motor neurons stimulate muscle tissue to contract Which of the following blood component levels would be expected to increase in response to a viral infection? a) erythrocytes b) leukocytes c) plasma d) platelets (Kaplan p217) ANS - b) leukocytes Luekocytes (WBCs) release antibodies as part of the immune response to disease or infection NOT A- b/c erythrocytes (RBCs) are the oxygen transporting component of blood NOT C- b/c plasma makes up the majority of the blood volume, which does not change as a result of infection NOT D- b/c platelets are the blood-clotting component Which of the following statements regarding the pulmonary arteries is correct? They carry..... a) oxygenated blood away from the heart b) oxygenated blood away from the lungs c) deoxygenated blood to the heart d) deoxygenated blood to the lungs (Kaplan p219) ANS - d) they carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs Recall that arteries transport blood away from the heart The pulmonary artery is transporting blood away from the heart to the lungs, so the blood is deoxygenated at this time Which of the following valves prevents blood from backflowing b/w the right atrium & right ventricle a) aortic b) bicuspid c) mitral d) tricuspid (Kaplan p221) ANS - d) tricuspidWhich of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the double loop system? a) L ventricle - R ventricle - capillaries - pulmonary vein - R atrium b) L ventricle - pulmonary vein - lungs - pulmonary artery - R ventricle c) L ventricle - aorta - capillaries - vena cava - R ventricle d) L ventricle - arteries - veins - R ventricle - R atrium (Kaplan p221) ANS - c) L ventricle - aorta - capillaries - vena cava - R ventricle Which of the following blood particles are responsible for blood clotting? a) platelets b) antibodies c) hemoglobin d) lymph (Kaplan p221) ANS - a) platelets Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of air into the lungs? a) larynx- pharynx - trachea - bronchi - alveoli b) pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - alveoli c) trachea - pharynx - larynx - bronchi - alveoli d) pharynx - larynx - bronchi - trachea - alveoli (Kaplan p223) ANS - b) pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - alveoli Mneumonic: please leave the breathing alone Which of the following would NOT be expected to cause a decrease in ventilation rate? a) inc in blood oxygen concentration b) dec in blood carbon dioxide concentration c) inc in blood pH d) dec in blood pH (Kaplan p224) ANS - d) dec in blood pH Recall that the medulla oblongata regulates breathing rate by sensing co2 levels and pH Ventilation rate would dec in response to elevated blood Ph caused by low co2 concentrations in the blood NOT A- b/c the medulla oblongata does not meaure o2 concentration of the blood NOT B- b/c a dec in CO2 concentration in the blood would lead to an inc in pH(see p24 in notebooks!) Which of the following lung volumes is responsible for preventing lung collapse? a) tidal volume b) residual volume c) vital capacity d) total lung capacity (Kaplan p227) ANS - b) residual volume residual volume is the amount of air that always resides w/in the lungs and functions to prevent lung collapse NOT A- b//c tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing (a component of vital capacity) NOT C- b/c vital capacity is the total volume of air that can be exchanged throughout inhalation and exhalation (GREAT CHART ON P225) Which of the following would lead to an increase in ventilation rate? a) the concentration of oxygen in the blood is decreased b) the pH of the blood is increased c) the pH of the blood is decreased d) the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is decreases (Kaplan p227) ANS - c) the pH of the blood is decreased Recall the medulla oblongata senses changes in blood carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH When CO2 concentration inc, the pH of the blood dec, triggering an inc in ventilation rate NOT A- b/c the medulla oblongata does not sense changes in O2 levels (SEE P24 OF NOTEBOOK, GREAT NOTES!!!!) Which of the following lung ailments is caused by a mycobacterium infection? a) influenza b) pneumonia c) tuberculosis d) asthma (Kaplan p227) ANS - c) tuberculosis Tuberculosis is caused by a mycobacterium Symptoms include coughing up blood and weight loss. If not treated, tuberculosis leads to scarring of the lungsWhich of the following lung ailments is caused by a coronavirus? a) influenza b) pneumonia c) tuberculosis d) asthma (Kaplan p227) ANS - a) influenza Influenza is caused by a coronavirus Symptoms include coughing, sneezing, runny nose, and fatigue Which of the following lung ailments is caused by a infection by mycoplasma bacteria? a) influenza b) pneumonia c) tuberculosis d) asthma (Kaplan p227) ANS - b) pneumonia Which of the following organs is part of the alimentary canal? a) trachea b) pharynx c) larynx d) salivary glands (Kaplan p229) ANS - b) pharynx Recall that the alimentary canal describes the pathway food takes through the body (predict the organ will be in the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, or intestines) Stimulation of the pharynx triggers swallowing, and food passes through the pharynx from the mouth to the esophagus NOT A- b/c the trachea connects the oral cavity to the lungs. During swallowing, the EPIGLOTTIS covers the trachea so that food does not enter the trachea NOT C- b/c the larynx holds the vocal cords and lies b/w the trachea and pharynx. During swallowing, the larynx rises as is covered by the EPIGLOTTIS so that food does not enter the respiratory tract NOT D- b/c the salivary glands are accessory organs that release digestive enzymes into the oral cavity. Food does not pass through the salivary glands Which of the following macromolecule groups is chemically digested for the first time in the stomach? a) carbohydrates b) proteins c) lipidsd) nucleic acids ANS - b) proteins Recall that chemical digestion begins in the mouth with salivary lipase and amylase - SALIVARY LIPASE digests LIPIDS - AMYLASES digest CARBS Chemical digestion continues in the stomach with the release of pepsin(ogen), which breaks down the amino acids -- thus predict that chemical digestion of proteins begins in the stomach Nucleic Acid digestion begins in the SI Which of the following describes the region of the kidney where blood is filtered? a) tubule b) pelvis c) corpuscle d) medulla (Kaplan p236) ANS - c) corpuscle Renal Corpuscle is the filtration unit of the kidneys; it is comprised of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule NOT A- b/c the renal tubule is where reabsorption of water and ions from the filtrate occurs Which of the following hormones would directly cause urine to become more concentrated? a) epinephrine b) renin c) aldosterone d) ADH (Kaplan p237) ANS - d) ADH Recall that urine is formed after the filtrate passes through the collecting duct. The amount of water reabsorbed in the collecting duct determines how diluted or concentrated urine will be.... so predict the correct hormone will act directly on the collecting duct ADH prevents fluid loss to maintain blood volume by increasing reabsorption of water from renal tubules and collecting ducts NOT B- b/c renin helps increase blood pressure by increasing secretion of aldosterone GREAT CHART ON P236!!!!!! Which of the following is absorbed in the colon? a) vit B6b) vit C c) vit D d) vit K (Kaplan p233) ANS - d) vitamin K Vit K is absorbed in the colon (LI) & elsewhere in the body Vits B6, C, & D are ONLY absorbed in the SI After passing through the pyloric sphincter, a food high in protein would be in which of the following states? a) acidic and partially digested b) acidic and completely digested c) alkaline and partially digested d) alkaline and completely digested (Kaplan p233) ANS - a) acidic and partially digested Recall that the pyloric sphincter separates the stomach from the duodenum - the pH of the stomach is acidic due to gastric secretions - the acid also converts pepsinogen to pepsin, which begins protein digestion - protein digestion continues in the SI Which of the following hormones signals satiety? a) gastrin b) ghrelin c) leptin d) secretin (Kaplan p233) ANS - c) leptin (great chat on p232) GHRELIN= is triggered by an empty stomach, signaling unger GASTRIN= stimulates teh release of gastric acid in the stomach SECRETIN= stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and other enzymes After passing through the collecting duct, urine flows into which of the following genitourinary structures? a) bladder b) nephron c) ureter d) urethra (Kaplan p238) ANS - c) ureter Urine is produced in the collecting ducts of the kidneys - from there, it flows into the renal pelvis b4 moving into the ureters - the ureters transport urine to the urinary bladder (for storing) until it is expelled from the body by traveling through the urethraWhich of the following vessels directs blood into the glomerulus a) afferent arteriole b) bowman's capsule c) efferent arteriole d) renal artery (Kaplan p238) ANS - a) afferent arteriole Blood leaves the heart and travels to the kidneys through the ? a) afferent arteriole b) bowman's capsule c) efferent arteriole d) renal artery (Kaplan p238) ANS - d) renal arteries Which of the following hormones increase sodium reabsorption in the renal tubule? a) adrenal and renin b) aldosterone and epinephrine c) angiotensin and aldosterone d) renin and ADH (Kaplan p238) ANS - c) angiotensin and aldosterone Recall that sodium reabsorption in the renal tubule increases the osmolarity of blood, causing more water to be reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis - predict that the correct hormones will cause an increase in BP and act directly on the renal tubule NOT B- b/c while epinephrine does inc bp, it does so by vasoconstriction and does not act on the renal tubule NOT A or D- b/c renin activates angiotensin - ADH acts on the collecting duct Which of the following hormones would be secreted following a drop in blood calcium levels a) epinephrine b) calcitonin c) parathyroid hormone d) insulin (Kaplan p240) ANS - c) parathyroid hormone Recall CALCITONIN & PARATHRYROID HORMONE (PH) act ANTAGONISTICALLY to regulate blood calcium levels PH is released when blood calcium is too low NOT B- b/c CALCITONIN is released when blood calcium is too high NOT A- b/c epinephrine is released by the adrenal cortex to initiate the "fight or flight" response NOT D- b/c insulin regulates blood glucose not calcium