Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
Campbell
Samenvattingen leerjaar 1+ 2 BMO
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 5: Biological Macromolecules and Lipids................................................................................... 6
5.1 Macromolecules and polymers, built from monomers................................................................. 6
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material ....................................................................... 7
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules ................................................................... 8
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions ...................... 11
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications ..................... 12
Chapter 6: Energy and Life .................................................................................................................... 13
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of
thermodynamics................................................................................................................................ 13
6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
........................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions ................. 16
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers ......................................... 19
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism ........................................................... 23
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function .................................................................................................. 25
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells ........................................ 25
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions ................... 25
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes .......................................................................................................................................... 28
7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions ........ 29
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another ................................ 32
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell ...... 33
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities .. 34
Chapter 8: Cell Membranes................................................................................................................... 36
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins ..................................................... 36
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability ............................................................... 37
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment . 37
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients ....................................... 38
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis ................ 40
Chapter 9: Cellular Signaling ................................................................................................................. 41
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell ....................................................... 41
9.2 Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape ........ 42
Pagina 1 van 181
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target
molecules in the cell .......................................................................................................................... 43
9.5 Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathway................................................................. 44
Chapter 10: Cell Respiration .................................................................................................................. 45
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels ..................................................... 45
10.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate..................................... 49
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules.............................................................................................................................. 50
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couple’s electron transport to ATP synthesis
........................................................................................................................................................... 52
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen ............................................................................................................................................... 54
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways ..................... 55
Chapter 12: Mitosis ............................................................................................................................... 57
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells .............................................. 57
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle ................................................. 57
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system ...................................... 60
Chapter 13: Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis........................................................................................... 61
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes ......................................... 61
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles ............................................................ 61
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid ............................. 63
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution ........................... 65
Chapter 14: Medelian Genetics ............................................................................................................. 67
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance ................................ 67
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance ....................................................................... 69
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics 69
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance ................................................. 70
Chapter 15: Linkage and Chromosomes ............................................................................................... 72
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behaviour of
chromosomes: scientific inquiry ....................................................................................................... 72
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance .......................................................... 73
15.3 Linked genest end to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the
same chromosome ............................................................................................................................ 74
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure causes some genetic disorders................... 75
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance ...................... 76
Chapter 16: Nucleic Acids and Inheritance ........................................................................................... 77
16.1 DNA is the genetic material ....................................................................................................... 77
Pagina 2 van 181
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair ................................................... 78
........................................................................................................................................................... 82
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins............................ 82
Chapter 17: Expression of Genes .......................................................................................................... 83
17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation.......................................................... 83
17.2 Transcription is the DNA—directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look ........................................ 84
17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription ....................................................................... 85
17.4 Translation is the RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look ............................... 86
17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function .................. 89
Chapter 18: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................... 91
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control........................................... 91
Chapter 19: DNA Technology ................................................................................................................ 93
19.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological
inquiry................................................................................................................................................ 93
Chapter 20: The Evolution of Genomes ................................................................................................ 96
20.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing
techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 96
20.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyse genomes and their functions .................................... 96
20.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene desity ........................................................ 96
Chapter 40: The animal body ................................................................................................................ 97
40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization ..................................... 97
40.2 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals ............................... 100
40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behaviour .......... 101
40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment .......................... 103
Chapter 41: Chemical signals in animals ............................................................................................. 105
41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptros, triggering specific response
pathways ......................................................................................................................................... 105
41.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone
pathways ......................................................................................................................................... 107
41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and
behavior........................................................................................................................................... 109
Chapter 42: Animal Digestive Systems ................................................................................................ 113
42.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
......................................................................................................................................................... 113
42.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination ......................... 115
42.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive
system ............................................................................................................................................. 116
42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet ...................... 120
Pagina 3 van 181
, Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
42.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite ...................................... 121
Chapter 43: Animal Transport Systems ............................................................................................... 124
43.1 Circulatory systems link exhange surfaces with cells throughout the body ........................... 124
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals ..................... 125
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
......................................................................................................................................................... 128
43.4 Blood components, function in exchange, transport, and defense ........................................ 130
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces................................................. 132
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs ................................................................................................. 133
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases .................... 134
Chapter 44: Animal Excretory systems................................................................................................ 136
44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes ..................................... 136
44.2 An animals’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat ....................................... 137
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme ............................................... 137
44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate ....................................... 139
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure.......................... 141
Chapter 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection .................................................................................. 143
47.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
......................................................................................................................................................... 144
47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition ............................... 147
47.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells ......................... 151
47.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease .............................. 154
Chapter 48: Electrical Signals in Animals............................................................................................. 156
48.1 Neuron structure organization reflect function in information transfer ................................ 156
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron ............................... 156
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons ............................................................ 157
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses............................................................... 160
Chapter 49: Neural Regulation in Animals .......................................................................................... 163
49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells ..................................... 163
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized ......................................................................... 165
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions .......................... 167
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning........................................... 168
49.5 Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms .......................... 168
Chapter 50: Sensation and Movement in Animals .............................................................................. 170
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous
system ............................................................................................................................................. 170
50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles ..... 171
Pagina 4 van 181
Nederlandse samenvatting
Campbell
Samenvattingen leerjaar 1+ 2 BMO
Inhoudsopgave
Chapter 5: Biological Macromolecules and Lipids................................................................................... 6
5.1 Macromolecules and polymers, built from monomers................................................................. 6
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material ....................................................................... 7
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules ................................................................... 8
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions ...................... 11
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications ..................... 12
Chapter 6: Energy and Life .................................................................................................................... 13
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of
thermodynamics................................................................................................................................ 13
6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
........................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions ................. 16
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers ......................................... 19
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism ........................................................... 23
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function .................................................................................................. 25
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells ........................................ 25
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions ................... 25
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes .......................................................................................................................................... 28
7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions ........ 29
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another ................................ 32
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell ...... 33
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities .. 34
Chapter 8: Cell Membranes................................................................................................................... 36
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins ..................................................... 36
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability ............................................................... 37
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment . 37
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients ....................................... 38
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis ................ 40
Chapter 9: Cellular Signaling ................................................................................................................. 41
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell ....................................................... 41
9.2 Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape ........ 42
Pagina 1 van 181
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target
molecules in the cell .......................................................................................................................... 43
9.5 Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathway................................................................. 44
Chapter 10: Cell Respiration .................................................................................................................. 45
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels ..................................................... 45
10.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate..................................... 49
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules.............................................................................................................................. 50
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couple’s electron transport to ATP synthesis
........................................................................................................................................................... 52
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen ............................................................................................................................................... 54
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways ..................... 55
Chapter 12: Mitosis ............................................................................................................................... 57
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells .............................................. 57
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle ................................................. 57
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system ...................................... 60
Chapter 13: Sexual Life Cycles and Meiosis........................................................................................... 61
13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes ......................................... 61
13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles ............................................................ 61
13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid ............................. 63
13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution ........................... 65
Chapter 14: Medelian Genetics ............................................................................................................. 67
14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance ................................ 67
14.2 Probability laws govern Mendelian inheritance ....................................................................... 69
14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics 69
14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance ................................................. 70
Chapter 15: Linkage and Chromosomes ............................................................................................... 72
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behaviour of
chromosomes: scientific inquiry ....................................................................................................... 72
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance .......................................................... 73
15.3 Linked genest end to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the
same chromosome ............................................................................................................................ 74
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure causes some genetic disorders................... 75
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard Mendelian inheritance ...................... 76
Chapter 16: Nucleic Acids and Inheritance ........................................................................................... 77
16.1 DNA is the genetic material ....................................................................................................... 77
Pagina 2 van 181
,Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair ................................................... 78
........................................................................................................................................................... 82
16.3 A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins............................ 82
Chapter 17: Expression of Genes .......................................................................................................... 83
17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation.......................................................... 83
17.2 Transcription is the DNA—directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look ........................................ 84
17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription ....................................................................... 85
17.4 Translation is the RNA directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look ............................... 86
17.5 Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function .................. 89
Chapter 18: Control of Gene Expression ............................................................................................... 91
18.5 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control........................................... 91
Chapter 19: DNA Technology ................................................................................................................ 93
19.1 DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological
inquiry................................................................................................................................................ 93
Chapter 20: The Evolution of Genomes ................................................................................................ 96
20.1 The Human Genome Project fostered development of faster, less expensive sequencing
techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 96
20.2 Scientists use bioinformatics to analyse genomes and their functions .................................... 96
20.3 Genomes vary in size, number of genes, and gene desity ........................................................ 96
Chapter 40: The animal body ................................................................................................................ 97
40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization ..................................... 97
40.2 Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals ............................... 100
40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behaviour .......... 101
40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment .......................... 103
Chapter 41: Chemical signals in animals ............................................................................................. 105
41.1 Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptros, triggering specific response
pathways ......................................................................................................................................... 105
41.2 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system are common in hormone
pathways ......................................................................................................................................... 107
41.3 Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating homeostasis, development, and
behavior........................................................................................................................................... 109
Chapter 42: Animal Digestive Systems ................................................................................................ 113
42.1 An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic building blocks, and essential nutrients
......................................................................................................................................................... 113
42.2 Food processing involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination ......................... 115
42.3 Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive
system ............................................................................................................................................. 116
42.4 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems correlate with diet ...................... 120
Pagina 3 van 181
, Biology, A Global Approach Campbell
Nederlandse samenvatting
42.5 Feedback circuits regulate digestion, energy storage, and appetite ...................................... 121
Chapter 43: Animal Transport Systems ............................................................................................... 124
43.1 Circulatory systems link exhange surfaces with cells throughout the body ........................... 124
43.2 Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals ..................... 125
43.3 Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
......................................................................................................................................................... 128
43.4 Blood components, function in exchange, transport, and defense ........................................ 130
43.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces................................................. 132
43.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs ................................................................................................. 133
43.7 Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases .................... 134
Chapter 44: Animal Excretory systems................................................................................................ 136
44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes ..................................... 136
44.2 An animals’s nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat ....................................... 137
44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme ............................................... 137
44.4 The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate ....................................... 139
44.5 Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure.......................... 141
Chapter 47: Animal Defenses Against Infection .................................................................................. 143
47.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on traits common to groups of pathogens
......................................................................................................................................................... 144
47.2 In adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition ............................... 147
47.3 Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells ......................... 151
47.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease .............................. 154
Chapter 48: Electrical Signals in Animals............................................................................................. 156
48.1 Neuron structure organization reflect function in information transfer ................................ 156
48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels establish the resting potential of a neuron ............................... 156
48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons ............................................................ 157
48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses............................................................... 160
Chapter 49: Neural Regulation in Animals .......................................................................................... 163
49.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells ..................................... 163
49.2 The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized ......................................................................... 165
49.3 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions .......................... 167
49.4 Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning........................................... 168
49.5 Many nervous system disorders can now be explained in molecular terms .......................... 168
Chapter 50: Sensation and Movement in Animals .............................................................................. 170
50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous
system ............................................................................................................................................. 170
50.2 In hearing and equilibrium, mechanoreceptors detect moving fluid or settling particles ..... 171
Pagina 4 van 181
