Bio Lab 2: Fungi and Lichen 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Characteristics of Algae (4) - Eukaryotic - Aquatic - Photoautotrophs - Unicellular and Multicellular forms Endosymbiosis - the process in which unicellular organisms engulf other cells then function as organelles in the cells - green and red algae formed through endosymbiosis Fungi - Eukaryotic organisms - Acquire food through absorption - Heterotrophic (Saprobic (decomposers), parasitic, symbiotic) - Cell walls composed of chitin Hyphae mycelium body consists of a vegetative structure of these tiny filaments Mycelium - collection of interconnecting hyphae - interwoven through the food source - increases surface area of fungi and thus the uptake of nutrients Septate hyphae - hyphae separated by cross-walls called septa Coenocytic hyphae - lack cross-walls and consist of a cytoplasmic mass which hundreds of nuclei Fungi Generalized Life Cycle Three divisions of fungi we will be observing - zygomycota - ascomycota - basidiomycota Zygomycota - mycelium is coenocytic - many disperse aerial spores (asexual reproduction) - Forms zygosporangium when food is in short supply -ex. bread molds (Rhizopus stolonifer) Ascomycota - "Sac fungi" - Produce spores in sac - Saccharomyces cerevisiae - yeast are unicellular and reproduce asexually through budding Basidiomycota - includes mushrooms - spores produced in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps which contain basidia Basidiomycota- Reproduction Plasmogamy 2 different haploid cells meet and cells fuse, cells that grow after are dikaryotic Basidiocarp dikaryotic mycelium growing above ground in a mushroom-shaped structure - has gills - see basidia - see basidiospores Lichen - lichen are composite organisms - symbiotic association between an autotrophic organism and fungus - fugus derives sustenance from algae and algae is housed by fungus Lichen structure Crustose - crusty - flat edges attach to substrate Foliose - leafy - small rhizines attach it to substrate Fruticose - shrubby no rhizines vertical growth