NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR
DRUG RESISTANCE PROFILES AND THEIR
SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF NAIVE HIV PATIENTS
FROM MACHAKOS LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL
A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the Department of Biological
Sciences and Agriculture
School of Science and Technology
University of Eastern Africa, Baraton
In partial fulfillment of the Requirement of
Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Biomedical
BY
Kiprop Stanley
APRIL, 2022
, DECLARATION
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge, it has not been
published and/or presented to any University for an award of a degree.
___________________________ __________________
Kiprop Stanley Date
DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORS
This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university
supervisors.
________________________ ____________________
Dr. Gracelyn Ramesh Date
Supervisor
_________________________ ____________________
Dr. Martin Mulinge Date
Supervisor
ii
, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Almighty God for agape love throughout this process. I take this
opportunity to acknowledge my supervisors for their tireless effort in ensuring that this
work is properly done by correcting errors and mistakes in the document. I also thank my
parents for their financial and emotional support throughout the entire process. Lastly, I
would like to thank my siblings and friends who stood with me during difficulty period.
iii
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Justification...........................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Objectives..............................................................................................................5
1.4.1 Main Objective...............................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance...........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Definition of Terms...............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO: - LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................6
2.1 HIV Epidemiology..................................................................................................................6
2.2 HIV drug classes....................................................................................................................7
2.3 HIV And Antiretroviral Resistance.........................................................................................8
2.4 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)...............................................................9
2.5 Mechanisms of NRTI Resistance...........................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE: - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................11
3.1 Study Design.......................................................................................................................11
3.2 Study Site............................................................................................................................11
3.3 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................11
3.4 Study criteria.......................................................................................................................12
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria...........................................................................................................12
iv
DRUG RESISTANCE PROFILES AND THEIR
SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF NAIVE HIV PATIENTS
FROM MACHAKOS LEVEL 5 HOSPITAL
A Thesis Proposal Submitted to the Department of Biological
Sciences and Agriculture
School of Science and Technology
University of Eastern Africa, Baraton
In partial fulfillment of the Requirement of
Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Biomedical
BY
Kiprop Stanley
APRIL, 2022
, DECLARATION
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge, it has not been
published and/or presented to any University for an award of a degree.
___________________________ __________________
Kiprop Stanley Date
DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORS
This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university
supervisors.
________________________ ____________________
Dr. Gracelyn Ramesh Date
Supervisor
_________________________ ____________________
Dr. Martin Mulinge Date
Supervisor
ii
, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank the Almighty God for agape love throughout this process. I take this
opportunity to acknowledge my supervisors for their tireless effort in ensuring that this
work is properly done by correcting errors and mistakes in the document. I also thank my
parents for their financial and emotional support throughout the entire process. Lastly, I
would like to thank my siblings and friends who stood with me during difficulty period.
iii
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement...............................................................................................................3
1.3 Justification...........................................................................................................................4
1.4 Research Objectives..............................................................................................................5
1.4.1 Main Objective...............................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Specific Objectives.........................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance...........................................................................................................................5
1.5 Definition of Terms...............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO: - LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................6
2.1 HIV Epidemiology..................................................................................................................6
2.2 HIV drug classes....................................................................................................................7
2.3 HIV And Antiretroviral Resistance.........................................................................................8
2.4 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)...............................................................9
2.5 Mechanisms of NRTI Resistance...........................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE: - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................11
3.1 Study Design.......................................................................................................................11
3.2 Study Site............................................................................................................................11
3.3 Scope of the study..............................................................................................................11
3.4 Study criteria.......................................................................................................................12
3.4.1 Inclusion criteria...........................................................................................................12
iv
