◦ Non-literal meaning
◦ IDIOMS
◦ IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS (IDIOMS) are multi-word phrases whose overall
meanings are idiosyncratic and largely unpredictable, reflecting speaker
meanings that are not derivable by combining the literal senses of the
individual words in each phrase according to the regular semantic rules of
the language.
◦ Let the cat out of the bag
◦ Take the bull by the horns
◦ Let their hair down
◦ METAPHORS
◦ METAPHORS are conceptual (mental) operations reflected in human
language that enable speakers to structure and construe abstract areas of
knowledge and experience in more concrete experiential terms.
◦ My car is a lemon
◦ Dr. Joe is a butcher now
◦ STRUCTURAL METAPHORS
◦ STRUCTURAL METAPHORS are abstract metaphorical systems in which an
entire (typically abstract) complex mental concept is structured in terms of
some other (usually more concrete) concept.
◦ They attacked everything we said.
◦ Her point of view is indefensible.
◦ ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS
◦ ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS give concepts spatial orientation by
associating an abstract knowledge area with some aspect of experiential
knowledge grounded in how human beings understand their orientation in
physical space, i.e. up vs down, front vs back, etc.
◦ Expressions such as the following seem to relate the
abstract notion of being happy with being located in
a physically UP position: I’m feeling up today.
◦ ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS
◦ ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS help structure our understanding of abstract
concepts and experiences, such as events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc.,
◦ IDIOMS
◦ IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS (IDIOMS) are multi-word phrases whose overall
meanings are idiosyncratic and largely unpredictable, reflecting speaker
meanings that are not derivable by combining the literal senses of the
individual words in each phrase according to the regular semantic rules of
the language.
◦ Let the cat out of the bag
◦ Take the bull by the horns
◦ Let their hair down
◦ METAPHORS
◦ METAPHORS are conceptual (mental) operations reflected in human
language that enable speakers to structure and construe abstract areas of
knowledge and experience in more concrete experiential terms.
◦ My car is a lemon
◦ Dr. Joe is a butcher now
◦ STRUCTURAL METAPHORS
◦ STRUCTURAL METAPHORS are abstract metaphorical systems in which an
entire (typically abstract) complex mental concept is structured in terms of
some other (usually more concrete) concept.
◦ They attacked everything we said.
◦ Her point of view is indefensible.
◦ ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS
◦ ORIENTATIONAL METAPHORS give concepts spatial orientation by
associating an abstract knowledge area with some aspect of experiential
knowledge grounded in how human beings understand their orientation in
physical space, i.e. up vs down, front vs back, etc.
◦ Expressions such as the following seem to relate the
abstract notion of being happy with being located in
a physically UP position: I’m feeling up today.
◦ ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS
◦ ONTOLOGICAL METAPHORS help structure our understanding of abstract
concepts and experiences, such as events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc.,
