NBME CBSE
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular
septum; AV and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus
venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum
secundum to fuse after birth
8. Transposition of the great
vessels Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with
failure of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena
cava, bypass- ing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10.phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
,11.S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral
regurgita- tion, HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12.S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right
before S1 best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive
cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal
13.atria contract: a wave of JVP
14.c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium)
wave of JVP
,15.x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of
closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
16.V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling
against closed tricuspid valve
17.y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18.plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19.PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20.QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21.Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22.Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT
and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23.Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
, 25.Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na
channels most common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations
in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26.Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar
pre-ex- citation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction
pathway from atria to ven- ricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node
causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval.
Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
1. Bulbus cordis: Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
2. endocardial cushions: Atrial septum, membranous interventricular
septum; AV and semilunar valves
neural crest
3. left horn of the sinus venosus: coronary sinus
4. posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins: IVC
5. Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein: SVC
6. Right horn of sinus venosus: Smooth part of right atrium (sinus
venarum)
7. Patent foramen ovale: failure of septum primum and septum
secundum to fuse after birth
8. Transposition of the great
vessels Tetralogy of Fallot
Persistent truncus arteriosus: Conotruncal abnormalities associated with
failure of neural crest cells to migrate
9. ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena
cava, bypass- ing the liver
becomes ligamentum venosum
10.phrenic nerve: innervates the diaphragm and pericardium
,11.S3 heart sound: Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral
regurgita- tion, HF), common in dilated ventricles
normal in kids and pregnant women
12.S4 heart sound: atrial kick late diastole, right
before S1 best heard at apex in LLD position
High atrial pressure.
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive
cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal
13.atria contract: a wave of JVP
14.c wave: RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium)
wave of JVP
,15.x descent: JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of
closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase
reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge
16.V wave: JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling
against closed tricuspid valve
17.y descent: JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV
absent in cardiac tamponade
18.plusus parvus et tardus: pulses are weak with delayed peak
Aortic stenosis
19.PR interval: 0.12-0.20 seconds
120 milliseconds
20.QT interval length: 9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds
21.Hypokalemia: U wave present on ECG
22.Mg sulfate: for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT
and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures)
23.Romano-Ward syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness).
24.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: -Congenital long QT syndrome
-Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness
, 25.Brugada syndrome: -Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na
channels most common in Asian males.
-ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations
in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum)
-inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh
Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).
26.Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Most common type of ventriuclar
pre-ex- citation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction
pathway from atria to ven- ricle bypasses the rate-slowing AV node
causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval.
Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy.
