1.What is management? Explain different functions of management. (Process of
Management/function of a manager). (10 marks)
Management -management is the process of designing, maintaining environment in which
individual working together in groups to achieve selected objective.
George R Terry – “Management is distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating & controlling performance to determine & accomplish the objectives by the use of
people & resources. Planning ‘means thinking of the manager ‘s action in advance. The
actions of the managers are based on logic, plan or some method rather than hunch.
Organizing ‘means coordinating machines, materials and human resources of the
organization. Actuating ‘means motivating, directing the subordinates. Controlling ‘means
that manager must ensure that there are no deviations from plans.”
1.Planning:
Planning is the primary function of management.
It is looking ahead and preparing for the future.
It determines in advance what should be done.
It is conscious determination of future course of action.
This involves determining why to take action? What action? How to take action? When
to take action?
Planning involves determination of specific objectives, programs, setting policies,
strategies, rules and procedures and preparing budgets.
Planning is a function which is performed by managers at all levels – top, middle and
supervisory.
Plans made by top management for the organization as a whole may cover periods as
long as five to ten years, whereas plans made by low level managers cover much
shorter periods
2.Organizing:
Organizing is the distribution of work in group-wise or section wise for effective
performance.
Once the managers have established objectives and developed plans to achieve them,
they must design and develop a human organization that will be able to carry out
those plans successfully.
Organizing involves dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, grouping of such
duties in the form of positions, grouping of various positions into departments and
sections, assigning duties to individual positions and delegating authority to each
position so that the work is carried out as planned.
Organizing involves
1) Assigning right job to a right person
2) Distribution of various resources
, 3) Giving responsibilities
3. Directing:
Planning, organizing and staffing functions are concerned with the preliminary work
for the achievement of organizational objectives.
The actual performance of the task starts with the function of direction. This function
can be called by various names namely leading, directing, motivating, activating and
so on.
Directing involves these sub functions:
a. Communicating: It is the process of passing information from one person to
another.
b. Leading: It is a process by which a manager guides and influences the work of his
subordinates.
c. Motivating: It is arousing desire in the minds of workers to give their best to the
enterprise.
4.Controlling:
To ensure that the achieved objectives confirm to the pre-planned objectives control
function is necessary.
Control is the process of checking to determine whether or not proper progress is
being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary to correct any
deviations.
5.Innovating:
Innovation means creating new ideas which may be either result in the development
of new products or finding new uses for the old ones.
A manager who invents new products is an innovator.
A salesman who persuades Eskimos to purchase refrigerator is an innovator.
One has to note that innovation is not a separate function but a part of planning.
6.Representing:
, A manager has to spend a part of his time in representing his organization before
various groups which have some stake in the organization.
A manager has to be act as representative of a company.
He has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks, trade unions
and the like.
It is the duty of every manager to have good relationship with others.
2.Mention and explain functional areas of management.(10 marks)
a) Production:
This is generally put under production manager and he is responsible for all production
related activities. This area has a number of activities, few of them are given below:
1) Purchasing: This is related with the purchase of various materials required by the
organization. Purchasing involves procuring right quantity of materials at the right
quality, at the right time and at the right price from the right supplier.
2) Materials management: This involves storing of materials, issue of materials to
various departments.
3) Research and Development: It deals with improving the existing products and
process and developing new products and process.
b) Marketing:
This area involves the distribution of organizations ‘products to the buyers.
The sub-activities are:
1) Advertising: Involves giving information about products to buyers.
2) Marketing research: It is related with the systematic collection, analysis of data
relating to the marketing of goods and services.
3) Sales management: It involves management efforts directed towards movement of
products and services from producers to consumers.
c) Finance and accounting:
Management/function of a manager). (10 marks)
Management -management is the process of designing, maintaining environment in which
individual working together in groups to achieve selected objective.
George R Terry – “Management is distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating & controlling performance to determine & accomplish the objectives by the use of
people & resources. Planning ‘means thinking of the manager ‘s action in advance. The
actions of the managers are based on logic, plan or some method rather than hunch.
Organizing ‘means coordinating machines, materials and human resources of the
organization. Actuating ‘means motivating, directing the subordinates. Controlling ‘means
that manager must ensure that there are no deviations from plans.”
1.Planning:
Planning is the primary function of management.
It is looking ahead and preparing for the future.
It determines in advance what should be done.
It is conscious determination of future course of action.
This involves determining why to take action? What action? How to take action? When
to take action?
Planning involves determination of specific objectives, programs, setting policies,
strategies, rules and procedures and preparing budgets.
Planning is a function which is performed by managers at all levels – top, middle and
supervisory.
Plans made by top management for the organization as a whole may cover periods as
long as five to ten years, whereas plans made by low level managers cover much
shorter periods
2.Organizing:
Organizing is the distribution of work in group-wise or section wise for effective
performance.
Once the managers have established objectives and developed plans to achieve them,
they must design and develop a human organization that will be able to carry out
those plans successfully.
Organizing involves dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, grouping of such
duties in the form of positions, grouping of various positions into departments and
sections, assigning duties to individual positions and delegating authority to each
position so that the work is carried out as planned.
Organizing involves
1) Assigning right job to a right person
2) Distribution of various resources
, 3) Giving responsibilities
3. Directing:
Planning, organizing and staffing functions are concerned with the preliminary work
for the achievement of organizational objectives.
The actual performance of the task starts with the function of direction. This function
can be called by various names namely leading, directing, motivating, activating and
so on.
Directing involves these sub functions:
a. Communicating: It is the process of passing information from one person to
another.
b. Leading: It is a process by which a manager guides and influences the work of his
subordinates.
c. Motivating: It is arousing desire in the minds of workers to give their best to the
enterprise.
4.Controlling:
To ensure that the achieved objectives confirm to the pre-planned objectives control
function is necessary.
Control is the process of checking to determine whether or not proper progress is
being made towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary to correct any
deviations.
5.Innovating:
Innovation means creating new ideas which may be either result in the development
of new products or finding new uses for the old ones.
A manager who invents new products is an innovator.
A salesman who persuades Eskimos to purchase refrigerator is an innovator.
One has to note that innovation is not a separate function but a part of planning.
6.Representing:
, A manager has to spend a part of his time in representing his organization before
various groups which have some stake in the organization.
A manager has to be act as representative of a company.
He has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks, trade unions
and the like.
It is the duty of every manager to have good relationship with others.
2.Mention and explain functional areas of management.(10 marks)
a) Production:
This is generally put under production manager and he is responsible for all production
related activities. This area has a number of activities, few of them are given below:
1) Purchasing: This is related with the purchase of various materials required by the
organization. Purchasing involves procuring right quantity of materials at the right
quality, at the right time and at the right price from the right supplier.
2) Materials management: This involves storing of materials, issue of materials to
various departments.
3) Research and Development: It deals with improving the existing products and
process and developing new products and process.
b) Marketing:
This area involves the distribution of organizations ‘products to the buyers.
The sub-activities are:
1) Advertising: Involves giving information about products to buyers.
2) Marketing research: It is related with the systematic collection, analysis of data
relating to the marketing of goods and services.
3) Sales management: It involves management efforts directed towards movement of
products and services from producers to consumers.
c) Finance and accounting:
