PHTLS & exam prep
1. what are newton's 1st & second laws?: 1: a body at rest will remain
at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion until acted upon
by an outside force
2: force = mass x accelleration
2. what are the rule of 9's?:
ADULT 9% = entire head
9% = entire
arm 9%
=chest
9% =abdomen
18% = entire
back 18% =
entire leg 1%
perineum
CHILD
18% = entire
head 9%
=entire arm
9% = chest
9% = abdomen
18% = entire
,back 14% =
entire leg 1% =
perineum
3. what are the signs/symptoms of spinal injury?: neurologic function
above the injury is intact and function below the injury is absent or
markedly diminished. Specific manifestations will depend on the exact
level of injury.
4. what are the (5) major areas of blood loss?: - external
- chest
- abdomen
- pelvis
- long bones
5. what are the (3) types of blast injuries?: Primary injuries are caused
by the effect of transmitted blast waves on gas-containing structures;
secondary injuries, by the impact of airborne debris;
tertiary injury, by the transposition of the entire body because of blast
wind or structural collapse; and
quaternary injuries, by all other forces
6. what 3 collisions are involved with an MVA?: 1. vehicle collides with an
object
2. unrestrained occupant collides with inside of car
, 3.internal organs collide with one another or with the wall of the cavity
that contains them
7. what is o'donohue's triad?: adult pedestrian vs car accident
- adults tend to protect themselves by
turning away 1 - bumper vs lower legs;
tib/fib#, knee tear
2 - falls towards bonnet; intra-abdominal/thoracic injury,
#femur/pelvis/tho- rax/spine.
3 - strikes ground; deceleration/compression forces, head injuries
8. what is waddell's triad?: child vs car
- children tend to face the oncoming
vehicle 1 - bumper vs fermur/pelvis
2 - bonet vs thorax; head/neck flexes forward; head/face/neck may
collide with bonnet.
3 - strikes ground/dragged under car.
9. what is the munro-kellie doctrine?: 1. The total intracranial volume
if fixed because of the inelastic nature of the skull
2. Inside the skull is the brain, blood & CSF
3.If ICP is increased (via haematoma, swelling or tumour) the skull
cannot expand to accommodate this
4. As a result some other structure must be forced out
5. First the CSF & Blood are forced out
6.The only way out is through the foramen magnum
7. Once the ability to force out CSF & blood has been exhausted, the
1. what are newton's 1st & second laws?: 1: a body at rest will remain
at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion until acted upon
by an outside force
2: force = mass x accelleration
2. what are the rule of 9's?:
ADULT 9% = entire head
9% = entire
arm 9%
=chest
9% =abdomen
18% = entire
back 18% =
entire leg 1%
perineum
CHILD
18% = entire
head 9%
=entire arm
9% = chest
9% = abdomen
18% = entire
,back 14% =
entire leg 1% =
perineum
3. what are the signs/symptoms of spinal injury?: neurologic function
above the injury is intact and function below the injury is absent or
markedly diminished. Specific manifestations will depend on the exact
level of injury.
4. what are the (5) major areas of blood loss?: - external
- chest
- abdomen
- pelvis
- long bones
5. what are the (3) types of blast injuries?: Primary injuries are caused
by the effect of transmitted blast waves on gas-containing structures;
secondary injuries, by the impact of airborne debris;
tertiary injury, by the transposition of the entire body because of blast
wind or structural collapse; and
quaternary injuries, by all other forces
6. what 3 collisions are involved with an MVA?: 1. vehicle collides with an
object
2. unrestrained occupant collides with inside of car
, 3.internal organs collide with one another or with the wall of the cavity
that contains them
7. what is o'donohue's triad?: adult pedestrian vs car accident
- adults tend to protect themselves by
turning away 1 - bumper vs lower legs;
tib/fib#, knee tear
2 - falls towards bonnet; intra-abdominal/thoracic injury,
#femur/pelvis/tho- rax/spine.
3 - strikes ground; deceleration/compression forces, head injuries
8. what is waddell's triad?: child vs car
- children tend to face the oncoming
vehicle 1 - bumper vs fermur/pelvis
2 - bonet vs thorax; head/neck flexes forward; head/face/neck may
collide with bonnet.
3 - strikes ground/dragged under car.
9. what is the munro-kellie doctrine?: 1. The total intracranial volume
if fixed because of the inelastic nature of the skull
2. Inside the skull is the brain, blood & CSF
3.If ICP is increased (via haematoma, swelling or tumour) the skull
cannot expand to accommodate this
4. As a result some other structure must be forced out
5. First the CSF & Blood are forced out
6.The only way out is through the foramen magnum
7. Once the ability to force out CSF & blood has been exhausted, the
