FEMA Training 2023 with verified questions and answers

Domestic Terrorism appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping International Terrorism Terrorism that is carried out by people in a country other than their own; also known as cross-border terrorism WMDs Any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death of serious bodily injury through release, dissemination, or impact of toxic poisonous chemical or their precursors Including radiation Elements of Threat Surprise, Means of attack, Target of the attack, Significant dates, and Foreknowledge of the community response Four common terrorist activities 1. gathering intel (ex. maps) 2. acquiring materials necessary for an attack 3. preparing materials 4. 1st steps of executing an attack Types of Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources Banking/ Finance, communications, defense industrial base, government facilities, national monuments/icons, transportation systems, schools, concert venue, places of worship, water systems, nuclear plants, health centers How to consider if something is a critical infrastructure? Think of the question: "Are you able to survive 72 hours without it?" and Think of how many people would be affected. Describe RAIN R: Recognize the hazard and/or threat (what do you see, hear, smell?) A: Avoid the hazard/contamination to prevent injury I: Isolate the hazard area in one of the following ways (isolate, evacuate, or shelter in a place) N: Notify the command authority What are some U.S. Regulatory Agencies and Guidelines U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) Hazardous (material/waste/substance) ... that can cause a risk to health, safety, property or the environment NFPA 704 Fixed Facility Markings DIAMOND SHAPE: Yellow: Instability Hazard (0-4) Red: Fire Hazard (0-4) Blue: Health Hazard (0-4) White: Special Hazards (W with a line through means reactive with water; OX means can cause combustion of other materials near O2) CANNOT MAKE REGULATIONS! Helps identify potential risk Pipeline Markings ROW: Pipeline Rights of Way Know the contents in the pipeline and who to call if there is an issue (911) Container Markings Know the shape, labels, and location Labels: 4 inch markings diamond shape, positioned near the content names Placards: 10 inch diamond shape that appear on both ends and each side of a container ERG Is a guide to assist individuals to quickly identify hazards associated with materials involved in an incident and to protect themselves as well as the general public How to use ERG Go to the white pages to learn how to use the ERG Define IDLH Immediate Danger to Life and Health Protective Actions for responders in addition to RAIN 1. Initial Assessment 2. Isolate and deny entry 3. Evacuate 4. Shelter in place Classification of Chemical Agents 1. Types 2. Dissemination 3. Availability 4. Volatility (rate of evaporation) 5. Vapor Density 6. Senses (sight, sound, odor) How should you treat every unknown substance? Methyl Ethyl Death then assess the situation using RAIN Routes of entry for chemical agents: 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Absorption 4. Injection Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) 1. Anhydrous Ammonia 2. Chlorine 3. Hydrogen Cyanide Anhydrous Ammonia (TIC) Type: Anhydrous ammonia Dissemination: liquid at temps below -28F and gas at temp above -28F Availability: commercial available Volatility: Evaporates rapidly Vapor Density: lighter than air (rise) Sense: very sharp, irritating, pungent odor General signs/symptoms: severe burns, coughing, nose and throat irritation, blindness, lung damage and death Chlorine Type: Chlorine Dissemination: liquid when cooled and green gas when released Availability: Commercially available Volatility: rapidly evaporates Vapor Density: heavier than air (sinks) Senses: strong, offensive bleach smell General signs/symptoms: burns or blisters on the skin from liquid exposures, burning of eyes, difficulty breathing, nausea Hydrogen Cyanide Type: hydrogen cyanide Dissemination: liquid/gas Availability: commercially Volatility: lighter than air (rise) Sense: bitter almond (only 50% of people can smell) General signs/symptoms: headaches, reddening of the skin, weakness, irritation of the throat Sources of TICs - Chemical main plants - food processing - transportation assets - storage tanks/facilities - airports - pumping stations Emergency Decon Flush, strip, Flush Riot Chemical Agents Cause temporary irritating effects (burning sensation of the eyes and nasal passages, involuntary closing of the eyes, coughing) goal is to cause people to leave Chemical Warfare Agents Choking Agents (Phosgene, Chlorine): Primarily attacks the lungs (hard to breath); are industrial chemicals and military so commercially available; can be in liquid, gas, or solid and evaporate rapidly Blood Agents (cyanides): liquid or gas, commercially available, evaporates rapidly, almond smell only 50% can smell, signs: frothing, vomiting, seizures Blister Agents (Mustard Oil): not commercially available, slow to evaporate, signs: blisters Nerve Agents (Tabun, Sarin, Soman, and VX): liquid or gas, not commercially available, first three evaporate rapidly and VX is slow, signs: pinpointed pupils (Miosis) SLUDGEM (nerve agents) S: salivation L: lacrimation U: urination D: defecation G: gastric distress E: emesis (vomiting) M: miosis Biological Agents when used as WMD: 1. Types 2. Dissemination 3. Availability 4. Routes of entry 5. General signs/symptoms 6. Mortality vs Morbidity 7. Basic treatment Types of Biological agents Bacteria, virus, and toxins Why use biological agents as WMDs? They are CHEAP Anthrax (Bacteria) Bacteria: Bacillus anthracis Dissemination: spores aerosolized Availability: naturally occurring Routes of entry: inhalation, ingestion, injections, and absorption - cutaneous (absorp): 1-5 days usually starts with fever, weakness, a headache - inhalation (inhal): 1-6 days with early- flu like symptoms, chills, fever, swelling of lymph nodes - gastrointestinal (ingest): 1-7 days with rare, often fatal, form of the disease include intense stomach pain Mortality: early treatment for all forms - cutaneous: fatality rates 20% w/o treatment - inhalation: 90% fatality rates w/o treatment - gastrointestinal: 25-60% w/o treatment Treatment: types of antibiotics include ciprofloxacin, tetracyclines, and penicillin Plague Bacteria: Yersinia pestis Dissemination: aerosol Availability: naturally occurring Routes of entry: inhalation, ingestion, or injection General signs/symptoms: flu-like Mortality: Without treatment, patients may die (60%) Basic treatment: early treatment of plague is essential: to reduce the chance of death, antibiotics should be given within 18 hours of 1st symptoms (streptomycin is choice) Tularemia Bacteria: Francisella tularensis Availability: naturally occurring General signs: flu-like Morbidity has a high rate while mortality is low Basic treatment: early antibiotic treatment which includes tetracycline class Salmonella gram negative bacilli found in meat, soil, uncooked food, feces signs: diarrhea, fever, and ab. cramps most people recover some die Smallpox Virus No longer naturally occurring Routes of entry: inhalation and absorption General signs/symptoms: bumps on skin (open sores) Usually live but have scarring Basic treatment: smallpox vaccine helps prevent but there is no known treatment for smallpox Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Virus naturally occurring general symptoms: flu-like with major hemorrhaging and vomiting with blood Mortality depends on the VHF (ebola has high rate) Treatment: fluids, anti-poop, anti-vomit, and electrolytes Ricin Toxins Occurs naturally (easy to grow; castor beans) general signs/symptoms: weakness, fever, muscle and joint pain, dizziness mortality: death can happened within 36-72 hours treatment: extensive medical care to help minimize poison effects ROE: inhalation, ingest, or injection Abrin natural poison found in rosary pear (much more poisonous than ricin) ROE: inhalation, ingest, absorption How it works: prevents. cells from cheating a necessary proteins Treatment: no antidotes Advantage to biological weapons Easy to spread, easy to get and cheap to get, difficult to detect, psychological impacts Disadvantage to biological weapons long incubation periods, hazardous to the terrorist, weather conditions affect spread Categories for Biological Agents A: anthrax, plague, small pox (bad boys) B: Ricin, Q-fever C: Nipah virus, yellow fever (have potential to have high mortality vs. morb) Little Ricin will... kill you Who are the 1st to receive there is a biological weapon? Health/doctors Potential sources for bio agents Nature/agriculture hospitals university research food production plants industries garbage disposal plants sewage plants Alpha particles Ionizing radiation can travel about 2 inches (cannot penetrate paper) It is not a external hazard but is a body hazard Beta Particles Can penetrate layers of the skin affects soft tissue like eyes so it is an internal hazard can travel around 30 ft Gamma Rays not a particle rather a photon can travel around 300ft and can penetrate thick objects it is a internal and external hazard Neutrons Rare can travel 300 ft upwards is really bad for you and is a huge concern at nuclear plants can stop with water Where to find these types of ionizing radiation Medical xray radon terrestrial hospital/cancer center industrial and construction sites nuclear power plants Exposure vs contamination Exposure is external just means you have particles of the radiation on you and your clothing but being contaminated refers to actually having the radiation within your body like in your lungs Radioactive material labels White- I Yellow- II Yellow- III (worst) Can you see, taste, or smell radiation? No so this can be concerning Physical signs and symptoms of exposure Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS): also knowns as radiation sickness; symptoms includes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea This is external, penetrating and covering almost all of the body Radiation Burns: skin exposed to high doses of radiation may turn red and look "puffy" Radiation exposure device A RED is a radiation source placed to expose individuals to high levels of radiation - usually public -can injure or kill with high doses Radiological Dispersal Device A radiological dispersal device (RDD also called a "dirty bomb") is a controversial explosives attached to radioactive materials. - explosive dispersal is currently the greatest concern of a RDD radiopharmaceutical administered to patients for medical testing and treatment kept in small vials transported, stored, and administered in liquid form can be kept at low levels by putting clothing over it Difference between nuclear explosion and conventional explosion The size of a nuclear explosion may be much larger than conventional explosion. The size of a nuclear explosion is measured in kilotons. The energy of 1 kiloton is equivalent to the explosion of 1000 of TNT high explosives Potential sources of radioactive material Hospitals and cancer centers government agencies industrial and construction sites nuclear power plants in transit Type A package not life threatening Type B package life threatening Protection from Radiation Time- spend as little time as possible near a radiation source Distance- get as far away as possible from the radiation source Shielding- gamma radiation will require significant shielding such as lead or concrete Why wear a suit? to limit internal and external contamination although it doesn't protect you fully it helps stop (shielding)