Chapter 12: Perioperative Pharmacology 2023 with complete solution

Adverse Reaction An unexpected, harmful reaction to a drug. Agonist A drug that produces a response in the body by binding to a receptor. Allergy Hypersensitivity to a substance Antagonist A drug or chemical that blocks a receptor-mediated response. Antibiotics Drugs that inhibit the growth of or kill bacteria. Bioavailability The extent and rate at which a drug or its metabolites enter the systemic circulation and reach the site of action. Chemical Name Name of a drug that reflects its molecular structure. Concentration The quantity of a substance per unit of volume or weight. Contrast Media Radiopaque solutions that are introduced into body cavities and vessels to outline their shape. Controlled Substances Drugs that have the potential for abuse. Diluent The liquid component of a drug that must be mixed with a powder to form the required drug. Dosage The prescribed amount of a drug Dose The quantity of a drug to be taken at one time or the stated amount of drug per unit of distribution. Drug A chemical substance that when taken into the body, has a physiological effect. Drug Administration The giving of a drug to a person by any route. Generic Drug A drug that is manufactured and sold under its assigned name. Generic Name The formulary name of a drug that is assigned to the U.S. Adopted Names Council. Hypersensitivity Allergic immune response to a substance causing a range of symptoms from mild inflammation to anaphylactic shock. Interosseous Refers to administration of a drug directly into the bone marrow. Intrathecal Refers to the administration of a drug into the spinal canal. Parenteral Refers to administration of a drug by injection. Peak Effect The period of maximum effect of a drug. Pharmacodynamics The biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action in the body. Pharmacokinetics The movement of a drug through the tissues and cells of the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, and localization in tissues. Pharmacology The study of drugs and their actions in the body. Prescription An order for a licensed drug written by an authorized health care provider. Proprietary Name The patented name given to a drug by its manufacturer. Therapeutic Window Range of drug doses that can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range. Topical Refers to the application of a drug to the skin or mucous membranes. Trade Name The name given to a drug by the company that produces and sells it. Transdermal Administration of a drug by absorption through the skin, such as with ointments or patches impregnated with the drug. U.S. Pharmacopeia An organization that establishes standards for drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for their labeled use. List the sources of drugs - Animal and human proteins - Minerals - Elemental metals - Plants - Synthetic metals What are some drug resources? - The Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) - The United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) - Reputable online resources Discuss the importance of drug regulation. It protects the public from harm by making sure that drugs meet the highest quality of standards. How are drugs named and formulated? The name of a drug is assigned by the United States Adopted Names council at the time the drug is invented and accepted for marketing. After that, the USAN ensures that the drugs do not sound or look alike. Correctly identify and interpret the components of a drug label. The drug label should have the name of the drug, the dosage, amount contained in the package, indications, bar code, and expiration date. What are some ways to prevent drug errors? Read the label and make sure that the medication is not expired. You should also make sure that it is the right medication and dosage. List the 7 rights of medication process? 1. Right drug 2. Right patient 3. Right dose 4. Right route 5. Right time 6. Right indication 7. Right documentation What are the types of drug orders? - Verbal - Written - Standing - Stat - PRN What are the proper protocols for receiving drugs on the sterile field? You and the circulatory nurse will read the label at the same time and then the surgical tech will label the medications as soon as you get them. List the different drug delivery devices. - Syringes - Needles - Connection tubing and stopcocks - Infusion pumps - Central venous catheters