BIOD 121 - Essentials in Nutrition Module 1 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

What is nutrition: nutrition by definition is a science that links food to health and disease. It includes the processes that humans ingest, digest, absorb, transport, and excrete substances Nutrition spands all ages in which: it impacts the time of birth to the time of death How do pharmaceuticals and the food industry play into nutrition: through the different supplements we take, what we eat and why we eat as far as food safety, mass production, restaurants, manufacturers, media, and food labels Nutrition by definition is the science that links food to: health and disease Good nutrition as well as exercise leads to: good health Media plays a huge role into nutrition as far as: marketing, fad diets, celebrities, etc. Nutrients can be classified as: macro-nutrient, micro-nutrient, organic, and inorganic Macro-nutrient: needed in large amounts in the body Micro-nutrients: needed in small amounts in the body Organic: a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen Inorganic: any substance that doesn't contain carbon Mechanical energy: perform muscular movements What are hormones: they are compounds that are secreted into the bloodstream by different cells, and their goal is to act to control the function of another type of cell Ghrelin: is produced by the stomach; its job is to travel to the brain,stimulate the hunger center, and deactivate the satiety center Leptin: is produced by fat cells called adipose tissue; its job is to alert the brain, turn off the hunger center, and activate the satiety center' any time your eating your leptin levels should increase to tell you that your full Name the key hormone that causes hunger. Indicate where in the body its produced and the process by which it operates: ghrelin; its produced by the stomach; its job is to travel the brain and stimulate the hunger center and deactivate the satiety center Two key hormones in the process of hunger and satiety are: ghrelin and leptin Name the key hormone that causes satiety. Indicate where in the body its produced and the process by which it operates: leptin; its produced by fat cells; its job is to alert the brain, turn off the hunger center, and activate satiety center There are different types of hormones related to hunger and satiety. Three major hormones for increasing hunger are: ghrelin, endorphines, and neuropeptide Y Anytime your eating, your leptin levels should: increase to tell you that your full What are the five dimensions to evaluate health: physical health, intellectual health, emotional health, social health. and spiritual health What is physical health: the ability for the body to perform daily functions for survival and its dependents on the nutrients that are available for the formation of bones, vitamins, minerals, and to make hormones What is intellectual health: the cognitive ability to lean and adapt; the lack of certain nutrients can impair our intellectual health What is emotional health: the ability to express or suppress emotions What is social health: the ability to interact with others What is spiritual health: the purpose for human existence and cultural practices The ability for the body to perform daily function for survival is what kind of health: physical health The cognitive ability to learn and adapt is called what kind of health: intellectual health The ability to suppress and express emotion is called what kind of health: emotional health The ability to interact with others is called what kind of health: social health The purpose of human existence and cultural practices is defined what kind of health spiritual health What is the difference between food and nutrients: food provides energy in the form of calories, a mixture of nutrients whereas nutrients are substances found in the foods that provide for the building and maintaining; they are regulators for metabolic processes and reactions Alcohol is a source of energy, however: it is not consideredan essential nutrient because aside from providing calories it has no other funciton How many kilo-calories does alcohol have: 7 How many kilo-calories do proteins have: 4 How many kilo-calories do fats have: 9 How many kilo-calories do carbohydrates have: 4 The food and nutrition board of the national academy of sciences provides guidelines of what percentage for each nutrient should compromise our diets, what is it for proteins: 10-35% The food and nutrition board of the national academy of sciences provides guidelines of what percentage for each nutrient should compromise our diets, what is it for carbohydrates: 45-65% The food and nutrition board of the national academy of sciences provides guidelines of what percentage for each nutrient should compromise our diets, what is it for fats: 20-35% _________& of the body is made of water: 60 Water soluble vitamins: meaning they can dissovle in water such as vitamin B and C Fatsoluble vitamins: meaning they can dissolve in fat such as vitamin A, D, E, and K The body uses the energy released from carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol for various functions such as: to build compunds, perform muscular movements, promote nerve transmissions, and maitain ion balance within cells Energy is the ability to work, The energy in food is chemical energy, but our body can convert this energy to: electrical, mechnical, or heat enrgy. All body functions and actions require energy Why do we make the choices that we do regarding habits: routines are tied down to our food choices; what you eat likely reflects eating habits learned from parents Nutrients in the food are vital to our wellbeing. they are used by our bodies to: promote grwoth and development, for maintenance if tissue, cells and bone, for fuek to do metabolic work and for regukating body processes By definition nutrients are: a mixture of chemicals in food that the body use to obtain energy, synthesixe tissue, or regulate function In order to prmote a healthy lifestyle, it is important to eat a variety of foodsdaily to meet our nutrient needs. Nutrition is a lifestyle factor that is key to developing and maintaing: optimal health We must get nutrients through as our body: cannot make the nutrients or cannot make enough of nutrients to sustain a healthy life There are _______ essential nutrients needed for _______, _______, and ________. 45; human growth, development, and maintenance If a nutrient is missing from the iet for a period of time: a defiency can occur which can have a negative impact on our health How many classes of nutrients are there: 6 classes What are the 6 classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water There are 6 classes of nutrients. What are there general functions: to provide energy/calories, regulate bdy processes, and contribute to cell and body structure, growth, and mantenance Concepts to a healthy diet: variety, moderation, and balance Deit is refferring to: a style of eating that will meet your nutritional needs and be something that you practice for the rest of your life Essential in terms of nutrients means we have to get it from: our deit and that our body can't manufacture it Essential nutrients statisfy three criteria: 1. has a specific biological function 2. lack of that nutrient is going to lead to a decline or function 3. if you replace the deficient nutrient were permanent damage occurs it will restore normal function There are 45 nutyrients broken into 6 classes. They are: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water The nutrient that is often overlooked but most important is: water Three largest classes of nutrients that are needed are: carbs, proteins, and fats A persons nutritional status can be classified into one of three catagories: desirable, over, and under-nutrition Malnutrition is a general term that can refer to: either over or under nutrition Desirable nutrion is achieved by: eating a variety of foods which provide all the essential nutrients to support normal body functions Malnutrition can be related to: 1. inability to get food 2. poor utilization of the nutrients 3. deit that lacks certain vitamins, minerals, and nutrients 4. poor food quality and/or excess quality A balanced diet and regular exercise can help reduce: the risk of chronic disease Over-nutrition: the excess consumption of calories, fats, saturated fats, and cholesteral which increse the risk for chronic disease What nutrients are dorganic: carbs, protein, fats, vitamins The result of malnutrition is: failing health, related to inadequate or abundant intake of one or more nutrients What nutrients help regulate body processes: lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals, and water What nutrients provide structure: lipids protein, minerals, and water There are 6 classes of nutrients. What supply's energy: carbohydrates, proteins, fats There are 6 classes of nutrients. Name what are considered macro-nutrients: carbohydrates, protein, fats The energy ptential in a food is measured in the terms of: kilo-calories The energy of a particular food is determined: by the composition of a carbohydrate, protein, and fat in food Each nutrient yields a specific # of KCAL per gram Carb: Protein: Fats: Alcohol: 4 4 9 7 How well a child grows, how one does in school, their athletic performance, and/or ability to grow without disease depends on: nutrition There are five assessment categories that will provide you a complete picture of an individuals health. he are known as the ABCDE's of health: anthroprometrmic, biochemical, clinical, dietary, and environmental Under-nutrition: is when nutrient intake does not meet nutrient needs and overtime health begins to decline - as nutrient levels decline the bods metabolic processes begin to stop What other factors determine what and the quantity of food aside from hunger, appetiate, and saiety: the gastrointestinal tract, and hormones Explain the difference between hunger and appetite: hunger is internal physiological feeling experienced by a negative sensation whereas appetite an external pleasurable psychological feeling What is appetite: an external drive that encourages us to find and eat food; its a psychological response to the environment Name four types of forces that influence your eating habits and patterns. Give examples of how you experience each in your life: 1. sensory - I love the taste of sweet plantains whereas my dad like then green, unripe, and starchy 2. cognitive - I eat the most pizza during the football season due to commercials and text deals from papa johns 3. environmental - Being Haitian i was raised on a rice and beans diet 4. health status - Being relatively healthy but still overweight I have to watch what I eat Four types of external forces that influence our eating habits: sensory, cognitive, environmental, and health status How can the hypothalamus get damaged or destroyed: from certain chemicals, trauma, surgery, or cancer What happens if a portion of the hypothalamus gets damaged or destroyed: the regulation of hunger and satiety can be loss meaning the body will no longer receive signals to stop eating which can result to weight gain What is the hypothalamusjob when it comes to hunger and satiety: it is constantly processing signals in which if we have not eaten for a period of time the amount of nutrients in the blood begin to decline. This drop stimulates the feeding system in the hypothalamus which signals us to eat. When the nutrient blood levels begins to rise, the satiety center is then activated and our desire to continue to eat declines