Chapter 4 - The Real World 2023 with verified questions and answers

Nature vs. nurture debate the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits Socialization the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society Feral children in myths and rare real world cases, children, who have had little human contact and may have lived in the wild from a young age Self the individual's conscious, reflexive experience of a personal identiy separate and distinct from other individuals id, ego, and superego according to Freud, the three interrelated parts that make up the mind. The id consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive psychic energy. The ego is the realistic aspect of the mind that balances the forces of the id and the superego. The superego has two components (the conscience and the ego-ideal) and represents the internalized demands of society Psychosexual stages of development four distinct stages of hte development of the self between birth and adulthood, according to Freud. Each stage is associated with a different erogenous zone. Looking-glass self the notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us Preparatory stage the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others Play stage the second stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children pretend to play the role of the particular or significant other Particular or significant other the perspectives and expectations of a particular role that a child learns and internalizes Game stage the third stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other Generalized other the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or of society in general) that a child learns and then takes into account when shaping his or her own behavior Dual nature of the self the belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and the "me" Thomas theorem classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" Definition of the situation an agreement with others about "what is going on" in a given circumstance. This consensus allows us to coordinate our actions with those of others and realize goals Expression of behavior small actions such as an eye roll of head nod that serve as an interactional tool to help project our definition of the situation to others Expressions given expressions that are intentional and usually verbal, such as utterances Expressions given off observable expressions that can be either intended or unintended and are usually nonverbal Impression management the effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self-presentation and performance tactics Dramaturgy an approach pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance Front in the dramaturgical perspective, the setting or scene of performances that helps establish the definition of the situation Personal front the expressive equipment we consciously or unconsciously use as we present ourselves to others, including appearance and manner, to help establish the definition of the situation Region in the dramaturgical perspective, the context or setting in which the performance takes place Backstage in the dramaturgical perspective, places in which we rehearse and prepare for our performances Frontstage in the dramaturgical perspective, the region in which we deliver our public performances Social construction the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists Cooling the mark out behaviors that help others to save face or avoid embarrassment, often referred to as civility or tact Autoethnography ethnographic description that focuses on the feelings and reactions of the ethnographer Agents of socialization social groups institutions, and individuals (especially the family, schools, peers, and the mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialization takes place Hidden curriculum values of behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the structure of the educational system and the teaching methods used Resocialization the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life Total institution an institution in which individuals are cut off form the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones Status a position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations Ascribed status an inborn status; usually difficult or impossible to change Embodied status a status generated by physical characteristics Achieved status a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others Master status a status that is always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess Stereotyping judging others based on preconceived generalizations about groups or categories of people Role the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status Role conflict experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations Role strain the tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role Role exit the process of leaving a role that we will no longer occupy Role-taking emotions emotions like sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require that we assume the perspective of another person or many other people and respond from that person or group's point of view Feeling rules socially constructed norms regarding the expression and display of emotions; expectations about the acceptable or desirable feelings in a given situation Emotion work (emotional labor) the process of evoking, suppressing, or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotion Copresence face-to-face interaction or being in the presence of others Saturated self a postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources Agency the ability of the individual to act freely and independently