, Fifth Edition
JUVENILE JUSTICE
KÄREN M. HESS, Ph.D.
Normandale Community College
With contributions by Christine Hess Orthmann, M.S.
Orthmann Writing and Research, Inc.
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
, Juvenile Justice, Fifth Edition © 2010, 2004 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Kären M. Hess ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Publisher: Linda Schreiber herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form
or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
Senior Acquisitions Editor:
limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
Carolyn Henderson Meier
distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Assistant Editor: Erin Abney systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Editorial Assistant: John Chell United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of
Media Editor: Ting Jian Yap the publisher.
Marketing Manager: Michelle Williams
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Marketing Assistant: Jillian Myers Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Senior Marketing Communications For permission to use material from this text or product,
Manager: Tami Strang submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Content Project Manager: Christy Krueger
Creative Director: Rob Hugel
Senior Art Director: Maria Epes
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009925248
Print Buyer: Judy Inouye
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-50438-5
Rights Acquisitions Account
Manager, Text: Bob Kauser ISBN-10: 0-495-50437-8
Rights Acquisitions Account
Manager, Images: Robyn Young Wadsworth
Production Service: Sara Dovre Wudali, 10 Davis Drive
Buuji, Inc. Belmont, CA 94002-3098
USA
Photo Researcher: Terri Wright
Copy Editor: Linda Ireland
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Cover Designer: RHDG/Tim Heraldo
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
Cover Image: Duane A. Laverty/AP Images Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at
Compositor: Pre-PressPMG www.cengage.com/global
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.ichapters.com
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
, Brief Contents
Part I An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System
1 Juvenile Justice: Definitions, Measurement and Process 1
2 The History and Philosophy behind the Juvenile
Justice System 31
3 Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending 64
Part II Our Nation’s Youths
4 Youth in Society: Developmental Risk and
Protective Factors 90
5 Juvenile Victims 129
6 Juvenile Offenders 166
7 Youth Gangs 198
Part III The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
8 The Police and Juveniles 233
9 Pretrial Services and Diversion 269
10 The Juvenile Court 301
11 Juvenile Corrections 334
Part IV The Juvenile Justice System
in the Twenty-First Century
12 Preventing Delinquency and Recidivism 371
13 Juvenile Justice at a Crossroads: The Accelerating
Call for Reform 401
Appendix A Influences on Delinquency 423
Appendix B Job Description: School Resource Officer (SRO) 427
Appendix C Federally Funded Programs 428
Glossary 445
Index 452
iii
JUVENILE JUSTICE
KÄREN M. HESS, Ph.D.
Normandale Community College
With contributions by Christine Hess Orthmann, M.S.
Orthmann Writing and Research, Inc.
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
, Juvenile Justice, Fifth Edition © 2010, 2004 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Kären M. Hess ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Publisher: Linda Schreiber herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form
or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
Senior Acquisitions Editor:
limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
Carolyn Henderson Meier
distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Assistant Editor: Erin Abney systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Editorial Assistant: John Chell United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of
Media Editor: Ting Jian Yap the publisher.
Marketing Manager: Michelle Williams
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Marketing Assistant: Jillian Myers Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Senior Marketing Communications For permission to use material from this text or product,
Manager: Tami Strang submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Content Project Manager: Christy Krueger
Creative Director: Rob Hugel
Senior Art Director: Maria Epes
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009925248
Print Buyer: Judy Inouye
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-50438-5
Rights Acquisitions Account
Manager, Text: Bob Kauser ISBN-10: 0-495-50437-8
Rights Acquisitions Account
Manager, Images: Robyn Young Wadsworth
Production Service: Sara Dovre Wudali, 10 Davis Drive
Buuji, Inc. Belmont, CA 94002-3098
USA
Photo Researcher: Terri Wright
Copy Editor: Linda Ireland
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Cover Designer: RHDG/Tim Heraldo
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
Cover Image: Duane A. Laverty/AP Images Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at
Compositor: Pre-PressPMG www.cengage.com/global
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our
preferred online store www.ichapters.com
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
, Brief Contents
Part I An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System
1 Juvenile Justice: Definitions, Measurement and Process 1
2 The History and Philosophy behind the Juvenile
Justice System 31
3 Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending 64
Part II Our Nation’s Youths
4 Youth in Society: Developmental Risk and
Protective Factors 90
5 Juvenile Victims 129
6 Juvenile Offenders 166
7 Youth Gangs 198
Part III The Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
8 The Police and Juveniles 233
9 Pretrial Services and Diversion 269
10 The Juvenile Court 301
11 Juvenile Corrections 334
Part IV The Juvenile Justice System
in the Twenty-First Century
12 Preventing Delinquency and Recidivism 371
13 Juvenile Justice at a Crossroads: The Accelerating
Call for Reform 401
Appendix A Influences on Delinquency 423
Appendix B Job Description: School Resource Officer (SRO) 427
Appendix C Federally Funded Programs 428
Glossary 445
Index 452
iii
