RUSH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NURSING NSG 533--ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Cardiovascular Pathophysiology: Heart Failure

Define the following: cardiac output, ejection fraction (relevance to heart failure), left ventricular enddiastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular end-systolic pressure (LVESP), compliance, preload, afterload, hypertrophy, and contractility. o Cardiac Output  The volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or the pulmonary circuit and is expressed in liters per minute. Cardiac output is calculated by multiply the heart rate in beats per minute by stroke volume in liters per minute  HR x SV = CO  Normal cardiac output at rest is 5 L/min  Cardiac output is the blood pumped each minute o Ejection Fraction  The ventricles don’t eject all of the blood they contain with each heart beat and the amount ejected is called the ejection fraction  EF is the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart relative to how much blood was present at the end of diastole  Ejection fraction is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end diastolic volume  EF = SV / EDV  SV = EDV – ESV  EF = (EDV – ESV) / EDV  Most commonly used index of contractility and is the clinical indicator of ventricular function  Indic