ANTH 1120 anthropology notes Fall 2020,GRADED A

ANTH 1120 anthropology notes Fall 2020 January 7th 2020 Assigned Readings: Stories of Culture and Place, Chapter 11: Anthropology, Cultural Change, and Globalization, pp. 237-294. Scarborough, pp. 1-49 Globalization Key Concepts: Define each key concept ● Change: is the result of an action or a thought and is not always positive, change does not equal progress ● Cosmopolitanism: Global outlook emerging in response to increasing globalization, every nation is influenced by others • Example: everyone can be involved in this (watching the film parasite--makes you a part of the global community) • Is a perspective contrasting to cultural imperialism and ethnonationalism and it's about feeling like a global citizen rather than a citizen of your own country ● Cultural imperialism: Seeing the world through western lens ● Deterritorialization: Before globalization, culture was tied with the place. Culture would stay where the group lived. Fewer people moved around ● Economic migrant: people relocating for a small period of time to solely focus on working to earn some kind of monetary reward ● Globalization: intensification of worldwide social relations linking distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa • Example: Music is becoming interconnected; food + art; trading products; Tai chi in toronto ● Isolationism: a state or process in which persons, groups, or cultures lose or do not have communication or cooperation with one another, often resulting in open conflict ● Macro level: Refers to large scale or large groups (state level) ● Micro level: Refers to small scale or individual groups (local level) ● Modernization: describes political, economic and social change. A product of modernization is the increased flow of capital and goods across the world ● Multi-sited ethnography: How the practice of fieldwork has changed • Anthropologists are embarking on multi-site ethnographic studies, where the focus is not on one geographic location but a number of sites that share a common group of people, task or ideology • Another change is they are focusing their research on the virtual world ● Progress: usually suggests a positive development, a gradual move towards achieving a goal or reaching a higher standard. Ethnographic Examples: Describe each ethnographic example Identify which concepts are relevant to the example Textbook: ● Skolt Lapps ● Rana Plaza in Bangladesh • A sweatshop in bangladesh that was built (illegally and without meeting minimum requirements) • Companies such as Joe Fresh employed workers here (in order to get cheaper labour) • Eventually, it collapsed due to a bad building foundation and it amounted in several tragedies and the loss of many workers lives • Terrible working conditions and the monetary reward was minimal ● Nagy+ Qatar ● International Adoption ● Abu-Lughod+ Arab Spring ● Murray+ Development projects ● Walsh+ ecotourism / mining ● Boellstorff+ virtual anthropology Lecture: Scarborough Pages 1-49 1. What did you learn about the following characters in the assigned reading: 1. Laura • Caucassian girl in grade one • Abandoned by her mother and left with her father Cory • Ms. Hina enjoys her coming to the program and she enjoys getting food from being there • She enjoys learning to read with one letter at a time given by Ms. Hina • Was scared of her mom • Dies during the Christmas break after a fire started in her apartment 2. Hina • Muslim women who works at a Ontario Reads Literacy Program • She tried to help every child that comes in and ensures they have enough food • Tried to defend her program through emails to ensure this happens 3. Sylvie • Indiegnous child who lives with her mom and little brother Johnny in a shelter • Friends with Bing • Struggles with her brother as he destroys her things • Her mom told her not to act weird at school or she would have to go to the counselors office • Comes from a low income family 4. Johnny • Sylvies 3 year old brother • Wants to play with Sylvies things but ends up destroying them making her sad • Possible learning disability, doctors do not want to help but his mother is pleading for the doctors to asses him and offer support 5. Bing • Philipino boy in grade 3, Sylvies friend, real name Bernard • Gifted student who struggles with his identity and wants to become a famous singer and a Saint • Mother (Edna) owns a nail salon, Bing also helps out at the nail salon • Struggling with acceptance from his father who says he is overweight and put his hand under hot water until it burned • Has an abusive father 6. Cory • Works on an assembly line • Used the foodbank as a child • Had an ex named Jessica who left Laura at the bowling alley alone • Lauras father, who loves her but is unable to provide basic needed due to his income • Expresses racist remarks (usually in his thoughts) to Ms. HIna and others • Used to be part of a gang and has a hard time letting his past go • Definitely has anger issues, and is too arrogant, which is why is not liked by some of the adults at the learning centre. 2. What are some macrolevel factors that you saw in the reading? 2. What are some microlevel interactions that you saw in the reading? • Cory + Hina - Cory uses derogatory and ignorant terms to define her • Bing getting bullied on the bus because of his weight until Sylvie steps in and offers him help • Bing being refused by his mother to wear lipstick when Sylvie’s mom was applying it to the girls 4. How is cosmopolitanism evident in the reading? • Cosmopolitanism is a global outlook emerging in response to increasing globalization January 14th 2020 Assigned readings: Scarborough 50 – 100 Neoliberalism Key Concepts: Define each key concept - Neoliberalism: A theory of political and economic practice that proposes that human wellbeing is best secured by private property, free markets,and free trade (example: how has the cuts to OSAP impacted students at a micro level | Hina- wants to create relations and a safe environment for the attendees and Jane Fulton just wants to get more people involved without caring for them) • The Neoliberalist State promised 4 things: o Guaranteeing the integrity of money o Protecting individuals private property with police/military (if required) o Protecting the functioning of markets and the ability to create markets if it is needed o Government should leave the market to function on its own • Trickle Down Economics: Tax breaks for big organizations will generate enough money for it to trickle down to the rest of the citizens - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) - Free zones - An area where an American company sends products to Jamaica where they assemble it for a low wage and then send it back a finished product - Its own state, independent of the country Ethnographic Examples: Describe each ethnographic example Identify which concepts are relevant to the example - Film: Life and Debt by: Stephanie Black 1. When and why was the IMF created? • One reason was to prevent another great depression • Was created after WWII to help rebuild Europe and its economy 2. What happened after Jamaica achieved independence in 1962? • They were left to fend for themselves in regards to rebuilding their own economy--they had no outside help 3. Why did Jamaica accept IMF loans? • After they declared independence, they were in financial instability o Didn’t have the economic strength or time to build their own economy • Oil price increased 4. What were some of the conditions on the loans to Jamaica? • The loan is only there for a very short timeframe • Restrictions on what you can spend o Cut corners on education and healthcare 5. What were the results of these conditions (on local agriculture and manufacturing)? • Foods are cheaper to import than grow on their own o There is no longer a market for their goods, resulting in less income ▪ Simple labour can’t compete with industrial machines 5. What is the “free zone”? • The free zone is an area where Americans can send products and supplies to Jamaica and Jamaicans assemble them and send them back. Jamaicans get paid a fraction of what people in the US would get paid. 6. What are the positive/negative consequences on the conditions on the loans? On the loans themselves? • A positive consequence is that American’s are benefiting with cheap labour, without taxes and having their products produced cheaply and then can sell for more expensive. Example forever 21 Scarborough 1. What are we beginning to learn in this section about the tension between Jane Fulton and Hina Hassani? What is this tension about? • Hina wants to help every child that comes into the program by ensuring they have enough food and are leaning. • Jane wants her to run the program as she is supposed to, only giving snacks and encourage good parenting to create the next generation of parents not feed children full meals as it sends the wrong message o Also wants Hina to use her own time to get more people to participate in this program o Jane also feels as if the program is not getting enough attendees (Halloween and only have 17 children) o In wake of Laura’s death this tension grows as it becomes evident that Jane Fulton does not empathize with the less fortunate. 2. What are some of the impacts of neoliberal policies? • Jane constantly reiterates that the centre is not a “soup kitchen” and that Hina should not be making personal connections to the students attending the centre • This does not mean that Jane here are bureaucratic restrictions that she is told to adhere to 3. What are some examples of intersectionality? • Hina- her identity as a muslim woman impacts how she is treated by her superiors (i.e. Jane stating how Hina’s hijab can send “wrong” political statements to others when in reality, it is a significant part of Hina’s religion that is not meant to send any kind of political message) o She is also asked to partake in extra activities to promote the program however she is not receiving fair compensation for it o Jane asks Hina if she partook in an Indian Cultural Event, but it was actually her cousin Raj ▪ Hina asked because she said at the centre they have a no-politics zone but the centre supports the liberals • Bing- a philipino boy who struggles with his identity throughout the book and is worried (as the young kids in his school are not so kind to him) about what others will think of him if he reveals who he is on the inside o Has to hide his real identity in fear of being targeted as he has had previous experiences of getting bullied due to his weight • Marie- a part of a marginalized community along with her children: Sylvie and Johnny o She gets happy when she sees books at Hina’s centre in her mother tongue o Does not receive adequate healthcare for her son (Johnny’s learning disability is constantly shrugged off by the doctor- Johnny, as a result, is not able to receive appropriate accommodations from the beginning in order to help his growth) January 21st2020 Assigned readings: Scarborough page 101 – 152 James. “From “Slum Clearance” to “Revitalization”: Planning, Expertise, and Moral Regulation in Toronto’s Regent Park.” Page 69-86. Urban Anthropology Key Concepts: Define each key concept - Gentrification • The process of improving an area to conform to middle/upper class society • Middle class people moving into a place with low income residents eventually driving up costs of retail and housing--kicking out previous residents o Example: Regent park; was concerned with making the place look pretty over the welfare of the people living there - Territory • an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state - Urban Poverty • Poverty becomes a culture, or a way of life in and of itself: “a self-perpetuating system of values and patterns of behaviour” - Moral Regulation • Aims to turn public housing residents into clean-living, productive, legitimate users of urban space. - Moral Panic • Feeling of fear spread among a society that something bad threatens the well being of the society itself • This is based off false or over dramatised media - Structure • The conditions people find themselves in • Usually bigger than themselves, like powerful forces that they cannot do much about - Agency • The capacity in which a person or a group of persons to act independently and make choices that they feel is right. - Urbanism • Urbanism is the physical structure of the city or town being discussed, there is a system of social organization and has a set of attitudes and ideas Ethnographic Examples: Describe each ethnographic example Identify which concepts are relevant to the example - Mods and Rockers • Conflicting British youth subcultures from 60’s-70’s • Working class youth with no interest in politics • Both came from the same neighborhoods and went to the same school, the only thing different is clothing and rivalry • Rockers: rode motorcycles, wore leather jackets, black jeans • Mods: Clean cut, wore a suit and tie, drove motorised bikes - Kitwe Scarborough 1. What examples of urban poverty do you see in the reading? How does it impact each character? • Lack of proper fire prevention and warning in homes (no fire alarm) o This caused Laura and Cory to die in a fire ▪ Many characters grieved for this loss • Marie’s family didn’t have a family doctor, forcing them to use a walk-in clinic for their medical needs o Family doctors are supposed to refer children to a behavioural psychologist if needed o Took Johnny a while to receive a proper diagnosis and how to help him live with his condition (autistic disorder) ▪ Johnny finally started to indirectly say what he wants by pointing at a book as Marie learns about his condition 2. What does “home” mean for you? How might this compare/contrast to how the characters think about “home” while factoring systemic issues? • Home is somewhere with security and stability • For the characters in the book their homes differ than most of our homes. Many of these issues stem from low incomes and single parent homes. They deal with issues of: o Abuse o Not enough food o Not having enough clean clothes • Home can also mean the people you are with, such as family and friends • Some characters in the book do not have the best living situations, but still are able to find positive moments because they are with family. o Example: Bing and his relationship with his mother. They both care for and support one another as they go through constant issues (e.g. his father and the abuse, or his mom buying him karaoke machine by selling her bracelets just so he could have a good preformance) 3. What are some of the structural challenges that the characters face in trying to get their basic needs met? • Economic disparity (inequality in access to income, employment opportunities) • Residence (where someone lives, which part of the city/neighbourhood) • Healthcare (access to quality healthcare) • Education (access to quality education, which schools are financed) • Systemic Racism 4. Why is it that we hear from different perspectives and positionalities throughout the novel? (students, parents, teachers, community business owners). • Different perspectives on intersectionality, how everything combines for the individual • Different perspectives, seeing something through a child's versus adults eyes • Shows us how systemic inequalities play out at different levels and at different points in people’s lives (not only citizens who are affected by it but even the people working at bureaucratic levels) From “Slum Clearance” to “Revitalization”: Planning, Expertise, and Moral Regulation in Toronto’s Regent Park. 1. What is ‘the regent park revitalization?” What is the vision behind this project? () • The Regent Park revitalization was announced in 2002 and is essentially a 5 step process in which a public housing development is being destroyed in order to house more middle class residents. Tear down old houses/buildings, replaced with subsidized housing, condos, and affordable housing o Another vision was social inclusion: the low income will have social mobility with middle-class neighbours • Gentrification -the process of renovating and improving a house or district so it conforms to middle-class taste 2. What is moral regulation? How are places and spaces shaped by powerful interests? • Moral regulation is a term to describe how social problems are understood and expressed through social, economic and political interests. • For example, the Regent Park Revitalization was supposed to not only address housing affordability, safety, etc,. But was supposed to solve social issues of juvenile delinquency, broken marriages, drunkenness, and so on. There was an underlying assumption that these things are unique to working class neighbourhoods and are in need of state intervention. • The Regent Park Revitalization is an effective example of how power shapes place, specifically spaces that are occupied but systematically disadvantaged and vulnerable people. A parallel can be made to indigenous communities that are seen as spaces of violence and delinquency, however thinking critically you begin to see larger issues related to systemic discrimination and the long- reaching impact of the legacy of colonization 3. Have the ‘regent park revitalization’ projects been effective? Why or why not? • For the individuals who lived in Regent Park before it was not very effective. They were guaranteed a place to live once the project was finished but alot of factors went into that. Except if you lived 2-3km from the area you were not guaranteed a place to live o When the revitalization was happening the people living there had to find somewhere else to live to allow for the demolition to happen o Things were more expensive, taxes will be higher, new retail space is owned by corporate chains (Tim Hortons) January 28th 2020 Assigned Readings: Scarborough page pg. 152 - 255 Key Concepts: Define each key concept - Extra-domestic labour • Everyday tasks done outside the home that made stigmatized places liveable, and form solidarity among residents o Household work has to be done o Came from feminist theory o Work has been taken for granted compared to men's waged labour - Suburbanization of the city Lecture: - What were the problems that regent park was supposed to solve? -Housing affordability -Unsafe living conditions/fires -Attitude -Juvenile delinquency -Drunkenness -Social problems -Broken marriages - Housing affordability, and unsafe living conditions are things that are fixable by building these complexes - Attitude, juvenile delinquency, drunkenness, social problems and broken homes is something that is not fixable by building these complexes. Because these problems were not solved, Regent Park was seen as a failure (these are moral regulations) - What are the pros and cons of modernist housing complexes like regent park? Pros Cons • An increase in businesses and corporate businesses will be attracted to these complexes which allow for job opportunities. • 3000 new units will be available. • “Social inclusion” could decrease social issues in the area. • Uncertainty when it comes to “social inclusion” with new neighbours; that could have preconceived stigmas of area and community. • “Roughly 7,500 people displaced” • Social safety concerns • Old residents feel that the original community is lost. There is a loss of “connectedness”. - What are the 3 major changes that shaped regent park? • Systemic racism, neoliberalism, deindustrialization Scarborough • How does heteronormativity influence the lives of the characters like Clive and Bing? How does it influence their ability to live their “truth”? • As non heterosexual characters, Bing and Clive are pressured to hide their identities and conform to social norms. This is especially true for Clive considering that he is married to a woman. • Although there is a tragedy toward the end of the novel, many of the children and adults gain community support and strength. What are the stories of resilience and change in the novel? Ms. Hina: The loss of Cory and Laura in the house fire was the final straw with her old supervisor. She was able to find the strength, through her grief, to stand up to her racist supervisor (Jane) when she declined her wish to attend their funeral. Through her retaliation she was then given a new supervisor who is able to see Hina’s commitment to her community. Bing and Edna: Prior to his performance of Whitney Houston's cover Bing was unconfident and afraid to perform. Ednas cries from the audience reminded Bing of his father's mental instability and the trauma caused to him and his mother. Bing remembering his mothers cries from the abuse was similar to her cries from the audience and Bing found the strength to overcome his fear and was able to have a great performance. He also felt confident in wearing the pink sequins halter top, at first he thought he would be judged. Contradictory to his belief when everyone started cheering he began feeling confident in his identity February 4th 2020 Assigned Readings: Renegade Dreams, Chapter 1: Development, pp. 19-54; Chapter: Nostalgia, pp.53-83 Keywords: Know these words. • Resistance • Renegade • Nostalgia: Initial use of term is 1688 when Swiss doctor Johannes Hofer coined the term in medicine. Used to connect forms of social injury from physical reality of body. From the Greek roots “Nostos” and “Algia”, translating to “return home” and “longing”. Longing for a home that no longer exists. • Prison-industrial complex: mass incarceration; funding for law enforcement rises o Prison populations rose to high levels o Created a moral panic that with the black lives matter movement or the women’s rights movement, these people need to be criminalized • Gentrification: The transformation of a working-class or vacant area of the city into a middle-class residential or commercial area • Urban prairie: vacant lots side by side, property prices drop so low people vacant properties. Gaps in Canada do not last as long compared to in Chicago where they can stay vacant for 30-40 years • Urban farming Lecture: • What are the 4 stages of gentrification, and what does each stage entail? • 1. Pioneering o New residents moving into working class community o Young adults from middle class families/students/artists o Small coffee shops, bars, art galleries o Not overtly racist, don’t dislike poor people o Not much displacement, property values are low • 2. Expanding o Property owners see the potential in the area o Street presence draws more middle-class o Canadian cities; rent control laws for existing tenants (certain % a year), but once they move out they can raise it to whatever they would like o Housing becomes less affordable o Working and middle class work together • 3. Adolescent o The area is a safe investment ▪ Capital moving in ▪ New developers (condos, revitalization projects) ▪ Same old residents, looks less like their place ▪ Hipsters can't afford to live there, art galleries have trouble affording the rent which are the ones that started the process ▪ Moral conflict amongst classes ▪ Upper class pressure the government (no homeless shelters, no addiction clinics) • 4. Mature • Only upper-middle class can afford to live there • Gentrification is complete Renegade Dreams • The idea of a moral panic is present again o Leads to stereotyping + stigmas of neighbourhoods o Example: Eaton Centre was seen as a “hot spot” (where teens would loiter and fight-doing what teens do) | the mods and rockers | o Toronto Star article was filled with multiple metaphors and was highly racist Ch. 1 Development • What are some of the perspectives of the Eastwood community • What are some of the perspectives of gang membership/activity? • Tamara: looks up to Otis and thinks that they should represent the Divine Knights in the Museum by creating an altar of them; she also thinks that gang members can change the way they are perceived and instead of killing people or fighting them, they can be good gang members that help reform the community • Mr. Otis: thinks that gangs are a “constructive institution” (Ralph, 24) and that they have the ability to change the way they are seen; he also wants the rest of the communities to see how the Divine Knights are seen from his perspective (as a result he wants to dedicate a partition in the museum that would represent the Divine Knights and teach others the “true meaning of a gang” (Ralph, 24) through short films) • Patrice: is completely against gangs and gang activities and thinks that Tamara shouldn’t glorify gangs by representing them in a museum; she is harassed constantly while going to school as she crosses the territory of a rival gang--may contribute to the way she feels about it • Chicago Community Leaders: see gangs as a group of thugs • What is Delivery? • While the Rebirth Centre and Delivery are social programs promoted by the Eastwood community church (which are also founded by the pastor: Tim Montgomery), the Delivery is what builds and rehabilitates housing units while Rebirth helps rehabilitate people • What is the neighborhood coalition? • Created as a response to the TIF • Wants to ensure that the current residents of Eastwood can still take advantage of the new eastwood that is planning to be rebuilt • What is the ‘Eastwood plan’? • The redevelopment of 652 properties within the Eastwood neighborhood limits • Most of these properties are abandoned commercial structures, vacant residential buildings, or empty lots o The Divine Knights are happy for this • Residential units that the local government has deemed “unfit for living.” are also being redeveloped o The Divine Knights are not happy about this because of the thirty-seven units designated as unlivable, thirty-three are occupied ▪ Residents would likely be forced from their homes and into a housing market where it’s doubtful they would find affordable shelter • What is TIF? What are the possible ramifications? • TIF = Tax Increment Financing • “Provides funding to improvement projects to underdeveloped areas by using future tax gains to finance those improvements” (Ralph, 35) • What does Ralph mean by ‘a game of urban chess’? • What role have grandparents played in the community? February 11, 2020 Assigned Readings: Renegade Dreams, Chapter 3: Authenticity, pp. 85-114; Chapter 4: Disability, 117-139. Key Concepts: Define each key concept - Authenticity • “Being Real” • How young men in Eastwood are 'seen', expectations of who they are, shapes their possibilities of creating and recognizing their dreams. - World View - Injury • Not only physical (like disabilities due to gang violence) but also includes things like the redevelopment plans and other types of emotional/systemic injuries - Healing Guiding Questions for Chapter 2: 1. What do sneakers symbolize? • Speculative Capital: indicates class • Social Mobility • Value 2. What is Ralph getting at when he says that sneakers trigger an idealized notion about the past? How does the renegades obsession with sneakers evoke nostalgia for older members like Mr. Otis and Red? What are they nostalgic for? • For the younger generation, gym shoes represent social mobility. For older generations, they evoke nostalgia. This nostalgia is presented through their narratives and demonstrates the immobilizing and motivational power of injury. 3. How does the generational resentment reflect the way that the older generation regards the new generation? In other words, how are the “gang renegades” defined in this chapter? • They inflict senseless violence and they are only out for themselves, they don't care about the community as a whole • Mr. Otis explains that the renegades often think being in a gang is all about being a pimp or a player • Mr. Otis was the leader of Divine Knights and they often helped around the community by picking up trash and sticking together -- primary goal (was to help the community they were in) that often became misunderstood by the renegades 4. Is this a fair assessment for the renegades? Are they greedy, violent, bad decision makers? Are there structural/systemic causes for these changes in gang activity? • When the “safe streets” act came about, people were unable to make cash through washing windows and as a result, people had to turn to selling drugs in order to make money Guiding Questions for Chapter 3: 5. How does authenticity shape urban youths' worldview? • Authenticity proves as a critical factor to how we understand social life in Eastwood. • Bayer and heroin. Derived from German word heroisch “heroic”. Ended up being a total fraud as the wonder drug proved to be a historic disaster for the company due to the addictive and dangerous nature of the drug. • In Eastwood, authenticity is often resembled by the Bayer’s company and heroin: the counterfeit becomes real. The drug that was said to be safe was more dangerous than the prototype (morphine). • Inauthentic gang members (renegades) become a real danger to the Divine Knights’ Legacy. • A symbol of everyday debates about the “real” heroin’s history provides clues for how we might understand authenticity in poor urban communities. • Authenticity is like a gold standard of leadership. • Being a fake can result in a sign of growth in time. 6. Is Kemo authentic? Is Blizzard authentic? Why or why not? 6. According to Blizzard’s uncle, is he authentic? Who does he compare his nephew to? Guiding Questions for Chapter 4: 8. Does death, injury and violence solidify social bonds in Eastwood? 8. How does injury lead to social transformation? • People are turning injury into transformation Professor James’ Questions: 1. What is inaccurate about the media stereotype of the ‘evil drug dealer’? 2. Why does Ralph think it’s so damaging to call Eastwood ‘isolated’? o It allows the of urban violence to feel more normal o Allows for another framing, which a criminal produces false evidence against the innocent so that they seem guilty 3. What would be a better way to describe Eastwood? 4. How is healing a “radical endeavor”? Notes: Reading • Significance of the Cane o The cane is supposed to represent consciousness, wisdom from their elders, support for one another + support the community in order to survive. • Mr. Otis o One of the first to join the Nascent Gang during the second Great Migration-- “when African Americans moved from the south to Chicago, settling in European immigrant neighbourhoods” (Ralph 62) o When he was in a gang, the african american youth travelled together for camaraderie and safety since people were resentful of them being there o They were then seen as “a group of delinquents” when they fought with the white youth there over recreational spaces February 25, 2020 Know what each of these mean in the context of Renegade Dreams, and be able to provide one example of each from the ethnography. 1. Eastwood, Chicago 1. The real place (fictionalized for privacy) studied by Laurence Ralph b. The Divine Knights 1. Real gang that was studied and the main part of the ethnography (was also given a fake name for the purpose of the ethnography) b. Eastwood Community Church c. The Neighborhood Coalition d. Gangsta City Entertainment e. The Crippled Footprint Collective f. Renegades g. Nostalgia 1. Longing for a home that no longer exists or has never existed 2. Mr Otis is nostalgic for the civil rights movement of the 1960s 3. How people use nostalgia to heal injury. reminiscing about the past to cope with hard times. Not always healthy, may not always make sense and it is similar to symptoms of PTSD. Laurence says nostalgia is related to physical injury. 4. Way of seeing the past that helps you cope with memories 5. Trying to make the present more like the past b. Injury 1. Speaks about systemic injury-- all the systemic and structural forces that are devastating Eastwood 2. Also includes personal injury -- which is physical (becoming paralyzed due to gunshots) 3. Ralph thinks nostalgia is a part of the injury 4. People within the african american community were systematically denied mortgages b. Dreams 1. Dreaming of things that are positive (being a homeowner or an anti violence activist) It's an act of resistance and deviance. b. “Urban chess” c. “Ghetto” 1. An older, limited term for a disadvantaged residential area occupied mostly or entirely by a minority group b. Authenticity / “Keeping it Real” 1. • Keeping it real; Blizzard rapping about selling drugs out the back of his car even though he doesn’t own a car 2. Blizzard trying to rap about realities but it is a slippery slope; paints people’s perceptions of their community 3. b. “The Frame” 1. How we should view places like Eastwood, instead of calling it the ghetto Chapter Overview • Part 1, the injury of isolation o 1 - development, or why grandmothers ally with the gang o 2 - nostalgia, or the stories a gang tells about itself o 3 – authenticity, or why people can’t leave the gang • Part 2, the resilience of dreams o 4 – disability, or why a gang leader helps stop the violence o 5 – disease, or how a will to survive helps the healing • Conclusion – the frame, or how to get out of an isolated space March 3rd, 2020 Key Words • Development • Medical anthropology: a sub branch of social anthropology o Studies a wide range of experiences that humans associate with wellbeing • “Being alive well”- there is no cree word that directly translates to english as ‘health’. This word encompasses words like, social relations, land, and culture • Biomedical paradigm- mainstream way of understanding health • Neocolonialism - effects of settler colonialism (taking land) and how they are spiraling forward and how it is still affecting people today Key Questions 1. How does culture shape our ideas of health/illness? 1. Etic 1. Health (WHO definition): “the absence of disease and infirmity as well as the presence of physical/mental/social wellbeing” ii. Emic 1. Cultural beliefs and practices (from textbook) “are intricately intertwined with the way local cultures imagine the world works and the relationship of an individual’s body to his or her surroundings” 2. How can anthropologists help solve health problems? 1. As for the book and study “Death Without Children”, the author suggests that anthropologists should be advocates for these women, although this is controversial and not everyone agrees with it. 3. Why does the distribution of health and illness mirror that of wealth and power? 4. How is globalization changing how health and illness are experienced and how medicine is practiced?Birth in Four Cultures Video • United States: Western biomedical medicine treats childbirth as a medical emergency pregnant woman treated as a patient (ex; ultrasound, nurse, breastfeeding consultant) all trained professionals are respected as they have a level but all are respected over the patient treated. How does childbirth tell you the culture of Canada? • Mexico: During childbirth people tend to give birth at home with a midwife and the mother and coworkers play an important role. In Mexico childbirth is more of a family oriented. They also do not view pregnancy as a medical emergency • Holland: Also does not see child birth as a medical emergency, they also do not use any pain medication. • Sweden: Sweden culture is quite similar to Holland but with pain medication (ex; epidural) . • Living conditions, health do they have enough resources, income, class over the years the average person is not being exposed to these fully • Not having a job high chances of you being poor and having bad health, • Food insecurity is when they do not have enough to eat, rates are high in families with social assistant (Ex; welfare, ODB) • Housing in Canada is unaffordable spending more than 30% on housing its considered unaffordable • Best way to be healthy = avoid being poor • Health is culturally constructed and socially determined • Nancy Scheper-Hughes (An American anthropologist did research on and off for 25 years in brazil. build housing when they can find on the side of a hill. Where people were dying due to starvation high rated informant mortality occurred in brazil the hardest the mothers acceptance of their child’s death; she found to able to cope with the stress mothers will not emotional bond with babies when they are born they didn’t have the privilege for the mothers to be emotionally attached to their child. Her study was very controversial. Chemical Valley; Video • Chemical Valley in Sarnia Ontario • 40% of Canada petrol industries, highest cancer and miscarriage rates • Kristine a mother of three daughters who were affected by (Shell Canada’s) hydrogen sulfide leak exposure in January of 2013 • According to a 2011 report by the World Health Organization, Sarnia's air is the most polluted air in Canada. • There’s more toxic air pollutants’ rising out of smokestacks in Sarnia than in all of the provinces of New Brunswick or Manitoba. March 10, 2020 Simulacrum: A copy of an original that no longer exists, or that never existed in the first place • Some anthropologists use this to describe resorts or diners (that have a nostalgia related to the past) Favela – a general term for places that are in disparity • Cities within cities • Formed through internal migration within brazil • People moving from the poorest region in brazil towards the mountains and more richer regions • Development in favela has certain benefits (brings elevators, community centres and schools) o Also creates urban warfare Questions to think about 1. Is it possible to take an ethical vacation? How?