PATHO 370 Final questions and answers latest 2023

PATHO 370 Final questions and answers latest 2023Signs and symptoms of ureteral (kidney) stones flank pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria What is the common composition of renal calculi? calcium crystals 01:00 01:36 polycystic kidney disease condition in which the kidney contains many cysts and is enlarged; the cysts will alter kidney function glomerulonephritis inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; immune complex reaction resulting in alterations in the glomerular capillary structure and function; mediated by IgE Major sign/symptom of renal cancer hematuria What forms renal calculi in patients with gouty arthritis? uric acid Acute pyelonephritis infection of the renal pelvis usually from an ascending UTI; inflammation that does not result in scarring or fibrosis What is the common bacteria that causes a UTI? E. coli Chronic Pyelonephritis infection of the renal pelvis that has scarring and fibrosis and can result in chronic kidney disease; associated with reflux or processes that lead to urine stasis clinical manifestations of acute pyelonephritis CVA tenderness, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia clinical manifestations of chronic pyelonephritis abdominal or flank pain, fever, malaise, anorexia what are the three phases of tubular necrosis? prodromal phase, oliguric phase, post oliguric phase 00:03 01:36 clinical presentation of the prodromal phase? normal or declining urine output & BUN creatinine begin to rise, clinical presentation of the oliguric phase? oliguria, decreased GFR, hypervolemia (dialysis may be required) clinical presentation of the postoliguric phase? postoliguric phase represents renal recovery; urine volume begins to increase and tubular function begins to improve fluid volume deficit until kidneys recover renal osteodystrophy in end-stage renal disease elevated phosphorus and PTH causes alterations in the bone and mineral metabolism; kidneys are unable to reabsorb the calcium and the bones will begin to break down anemia in end-stage renal disease kidneys produce erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBC; a lack of erythropoietin will decrease the RBC count What are some common causes of CKD? diabetes and hypertension What is the cause for acute tubular necrosis? ischemia leads to acute tubular necrosis What are some secondary conditions associated with end-stage chronic renal disease anemia, malnutrition, bone and mineral disorders, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, uremic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease what is the most frequent and initial symptom of bladder cancer? hematuria What can vesicoureteral reflux lead to? recurrent cystitis