1. Define electric current
Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical charge transferred per unit time. It
represents the flow of electrons through a conductive material. The SI unit of electrical current is the
ampere, defined as 1 coulomb/second.
2. Define Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the flow of an electric
current through that conductor. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω).
ρl
𝑅=
a
Where R = Resistance
ρ = Specific conductivity of the material
l = Length of the conductor
a = Area of the conductor
3. State Ohm’s law and it limitations?
Ohm's law states that, At constant temperature, in an electrical circuit, the current passing
through a conductor, from one terminal point on the conductor to another terminal point on the
conductor, is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or vltage) across
the two terminal points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor between the
two terminal points.
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Limitation:
i) Not applicable to non metallic conductor
ii) Not applicable to non linear devices such as Zener diode, Vacuum tubes etc.
iii) It is not true when temperature changes.
4. Define Power
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
𝑄𝑉
P = work done per unit time = 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼
where
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts
5. Define energy
The work is done by an electric circuit, is known as Electric energy. It is measured in kilo watt hours.
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
, 6. Define Linear and Non linear Elements.
In an electric circuit, a linear element is an electrical element with a linear
relationship between current and voltage. Resistors are the most common example of a linear
element; other examples include capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Nonlinear element is one which does not have a linear input – output relation. for
example, In a diode, the current is a non-linear function of the voltage. Most semiconductor
devices have non-linear characteristics.
7. What are active and passive elements?
The Active elements rely on a source of energy and usually can inject power into a
circuit. Ex. Semiconductor devices, Power sources.
The passive elements are those which are capable only of receiving power and either
store it or convert it into another form. Ex. Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, etc.
8. What is node.
Node - a node is a junction, where two or more circuit elements are connected or joined
together. A node is indicated by a dot.
9. Differentiate Loop and Mesh.
Loop Mesh
A loop is a simple closed path A mesh is also closed path
A "Loop" is a larger one, within containing A mesh is a loop which does not contain any
several "Meshes". other loops within it
In the circuit, paths abefa and bcdeb are meshes, but
path abcdefa is not a mesh.
10. State Kirchoff’s voltage and current law?
Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering into any point is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving that point.
Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed
path in a circuit is always zero.
11. Write the steps by step procedure to solve the network by loop analysis and nodal
analysis.
Loop analysis:
Step 1: Identify the mesh currents
Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known
Electrical current is a measure of the amount of electrical charge transferred per unit time. It
represents the flow of electrons through a conductive material. The SI unit of electrical current is the
ampere, defined as 1 coulomb/second.
2. Define Resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the flow of an electric
current through that conductor. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω).
ρl
𝑅=
a
Where R = Resistance
ρ = Specific conductivity of the material
l = Length of the conductor
a = Area of the conductor
3. State Ohm’s law and it limitations?
Ohm's law states that, At constant temperature, in an electrical circuit, the current passing
through a conductor, from one terminal point on the conductor to another terminal point on the
conductor, is directly proportional to the potential difference (i.e. voltage drop or vltage) across
the two terminal points and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor between the
two terminal points.
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
Limitation:
i) Not applicable to non metallic conductor
ii) Not applicable to non linear devices such as Zener diode, Vacuum tubes etc.
iii) It is not true when temperature changes.
4. Define Power
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second.
𝑄𝑉
P = work done per unit time = 𝑃 = 𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼
where
Q is electric charge in coulombs
t is time in seconds
I is electric current in amperes
V is electric potential or voltage in volts
5. Define energy
The work is done by an electric circuit, is known as Electric energy. It is measured in kilo watt hours.
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
, 6. Define Linear and Non linear Elements.
In an electric circuit, a linear element is an electrical element with a linear
relationship between current and voltage. Resistors are the most common example of a linear
element; other examples include capacitors, inductors, and transformers.
Nonlinear element is one which does not have a linear input – output relation. for
example, In a diode, the current is a non-linear function of the voltage. Most semiconductor
devices have non-linear characteristics.
7. What are active and passive elements?
The Active elements rely on a source of energy and usually can inject power into a
circuit. Ex. Semiconductor devices, Power sources.
The passive elements are those which are capable only of receiving power and either
store it or convert it into another form. Ex. Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, etc.
8. What is node.
Node - a node is a junction, where two or more circuit elements are connected or joined
together. A node is indicated by a dot.
9. Differentiate Loop and Mesh.
Loop Mesh
A loop is a simple closed path A mesh is also closed path
A "Loop" is a larger one, within containing A mesh is a loop which does not contain any
several "Meshes". other loops within it
In the circuit, paths abefa and bcdeb are meshes, but
path abcdefa is not a mesh.
10. State Kirchoff’s voltage and current law?
Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering into any point is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving that point.
Kirchoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed
path in a circuit is always zero.
11. Write the steps by step procedure to solve the network by loop analysis and nodal
analysis.
Loop analysis:
Step 1: Identify the mesh currents
Step 2: Determine which mesh currents are known
