Computer Networking 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Network An interconnected collection of computers. computer-related equipment, and communications devices Local area Network (LAN) A network that is usually confined to a single building and managed by a single entity such as a company Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A network that consists of two or more LANs connected with private or public communications lines within the same geographic area, such as a city or a university campus. It is managed by a single entity. Wide Area Network (WAN) A network that consists of a large number of networks and PCs connected with private and public communication lines throughout many geographic areas. Network Topology The physical arrangement of computers, computer-related devices, and cabling in a network. Node Any device attached to the network that is capable of processing and forwarding data. Bus topology A network topology that uses a single cable or conductor to connect all nodes on the network. Backbone A common cable path that often employs high-speed network cable such as fiber-optic. Terminating resistor And electrical device that absorbs transmitted signals, preventing the signals from deflecting and distorting. Star topology A network topology in which cables running from each node connect to a single point such as a hub. Hub A network device that provides common electrical connection to all nodes in a star topology. Access port A connection on a hub to which cables attach. Ting topology A network topology that consists of a single cable that runs continuously from node to node. Multistation access unit A network device that allows for the quick connection and disconnection of Token Ring cables while maintaining the logic of the ring topology. Mesh topology A network in which each node on the network connects to every other node on the network. Wireless topology A network topology that does not use cabling. Cell An area or zone that is served by a radio access tower. Hybrid topology A network topology that consists of a mixture of topology types connected together. Hierarchical star A network topology created when two or more star topologies are merged using network devices such as hubs, switches, or routers. Tree A network topology created from two or more star topologies connected together by a common backbone. Client/server network A network that consists of computers connected to one or more servers. Server A computer that provides services to networked computers, or clients. Network administrator An overall administrator who controls access to the network and to its shares. Centralized administrator The methodology used to administer a client/server network. Dedicated server A server that provides a single function. File server A server that stores data files that can be accessed by a client. Print server A server that coordinates printing activities between clients and printers. Administrative server A server that administers network security and activity. Database server A server that contains data files and software programs to query data. Peer-to-peer network A network in which all computers are considered peers or equals. Decentralized administration The methodology used to administer a peer-to-peer network. Network operating system An operating system that provides communications between the computer, printers, and other intelligent hardware that exists on the network. Connection-oriented A type of network connection that requires a direct connection between the source and the destination. Connectionless-oriented A type of network connection that does not use a direct connection between the destination and the source. Protocol A group of computer programs that handle packet formatting and control data transmission. TCP/IP A protocol that was developed by the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency in the early 1970's and was designed to support communications over the Internet. FIR A protocol that used for transmitting data from laptop computers to desktop computers without the use of cables. ATM A protocol designed especially for transmitting data, voice, and video. Link-layer discovery protocol A protocol that identifies devices connected on the local area network and allows them to automatically exchange information. Media The general term that identifies the material used to transport packets and data streams between nodes. Copper core cable A type of cable that consists of a copper wire surrounded by plastic or synthetic insulation. Fiber-optic cable A type of cable that has glass or clear plastic core. Media converter A device that changes one type of electrical signal to another or interfaces one cable type with another. Network interface card A network device that contains the electronic components needed to send and receive a digital signal. Driver A software program that allows a PC to communicate with and to transfer data to and from computer hardware, such as the network interface card. MAC address The physical ID of a network card, which is six-byte, hexadecimal number such as 00 C0 12 2B 14 C5 Logical Identification A name provided by the technician at the time of installation that uniquely identifies the computer on the network. Attenuation The loss of signal strength. Hub A central connection point where all network cables are concentrated. It is classified as either active or passive. Also called a concentrator. Concentrator A central connection point where network cables are concentrated. It is classified as either active or passive. Passive Hub A hub that acts only as a central connection point for network cables. Active Hub A hub that can determine whether a packet should remain in an isolated section of the network or pass through to another section of the network. Gateway A network device that connects the local area network to the Internet. Bridge A network device that can be used to divide the network into smaller segments, reducing the chance of collisions. Switch A network device that filters network traffic or creates subnetworks from a larger network. Multilayer switch A switch that can make decisions about routing a packet based on packet content. Router A network device that navigates packets across large networks, such as the Internet, using the most efficient route. Brouter A network device that combines router and bridge functions. Standard A set of recommendations or practices presented from an organization that defines aspects about a technology. IEEE An organization that continually develops standards for the networking and communications industry. ISO An organization interested in the standardization of computer equipment. W3C An organization that provides recommendations for Web page language standards. CERN An organization responsible for the original development of the World Wide Web. UL A nonprofit organization that tests products and materials for safety standards. EIA A trade association that is concerned with radio communications. TIA A standards maintenance mainly concerned with fiber optics, user equipment, wireless communications, and satellite communications. ANSI A private, nonprofit organization that does not develop standards, but rather prompts voluntary conformity and standardization. OSI A model that describes how hardware and software should work together to form a network communications system. Physical layer A layer of the OSI model that is concerned with how digital signals, the binary 1s and 0s, are carried electrically from one networked device to another. Data link layer A layer of the OSI model that describes how raw data is packaged for transfer from one network interface card to another. Network layer A layer of the OSI model that is responsible for routing packets from one network to another using IP addressing format. Transport layer A layer of the OSI model that ensures reliable data by sequencing packets and reassembling them into their correct layer. Session layer A layer of the OSI model that establishes a connection between two different computers and provides security based on computer and user name recognition. Presentation layer A layer of the OSI model that is responsible for converting character codes into a code that is recognizable by a computer that uses a different character code. Application layer A layer of the OSI model that works with specific networking applications such as Web browser programs, file transfer programs, and e-mail. Layer 1 Device A network device that makes no decision about where a packet is sent. Layer 2 Device A network device that makes decisions about where a packet is sent based on a MAC address or a logical name. Layer 3 Device A network device that makes decisions about where a packet is sent based on the Internet protocol. Net work Media A general term for all forms of pathways that support network communication. Analog Signal An electric signal that varies in values. Digital Signal An electronic signal that has discrete values. Frequency The number of cycles of an electronic signal that occur in 1 second. It is measured in Hertz. Attenuation The loss of signal strength. Amplitude The maximum voltage, or height, of an electronic signal. Amplifier An electronic device designed to raise a signal's amplitude. Interference An undesired electromagnetic signal imposed on s desired signal that distorts or corrupts the desired signal. Noise Electromagnetic interference. Crosstalk Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire's insulating jacket. Latency The amount of time it takes a signal to travel from its source to its destination. Time To Live The maximum amount of of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it's destroyed. Bandwidth A measurement of the network media's ability to cayy data. Baseband A method of transmitting data in the form of a digital signal, using the entire bandwidth of a cable. Broadband A method of transmitting data in the form of several analog signals at the same time. Simplex Communication that occurs in one direction only. An example of a simplex communication is the transmission between a television and television station. Full-duplex Communication that occurs bi-directionally and simultaneously between two devices. An example of a full-duplex communication is communication via telephone. Half-duplex Communication that is bi-directional but can only occur one direction at a time. Resistance The opposition to direct currect in a conductor. Impendence The opposition to alternating current. Reflected loss The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable. Magnetic induction An electrical phenomenon in which the magnetic field encircling a current-carrying conductor induces current in a conductor of close proximity. Near-End Crosstalk A measurement of the reflected loss at the near end, or input, of a cable. Losses are typically expressed in decibels. Decibel A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two electrical forces. Far-End Crosstalk A measurement of reflective loss at the farend, or output end, of a cable. Far-end losses are expressed in decibels. Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk A measurement calculated by subtracting the effects of attenuation from the Far-End Crosstalk measurement. Alien Crosstalk A measurement of the noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity. AWG Rating A rating that describes the size of a conductor's diameter. Plenum-rated A rating that means a cable has a special type of insulation that will not give off toxic gases should the cable be consumed by fire. Coaxial Cable A type of cable that consists of a Copper core conductor surrounded by an insulator referred to as a dielectric. Electromagnetic wave A form of energy that behaves like a wave and can travel through a vacuum. Wavelength The total distance an electromagnetic or light wave travels during one full cycle Scattering The loss of signal strength due to impurities in the core material Dispersion The distortion of the light wave pattern as it reflects off the core cladding Extrinsic losses Signal losses caused by physical factors outside the normal core, such as splices, connectors, and bends in the fiber core. Frensnel reflection loss A type of signal loss that commonly occurs at connection points in fiber-optic cabling and is due to refraction property differences in core material, the connector materials used for sealing the connector, and air Multimode fiber-optic cable A type of fiber-optic cable that has a large core diameter and is susceptible to attenuation due to dispersion Single-mode fiber-optic cable A type of fiber-optic cable that has a small core diameter and limited dispersion. It can carry light farther that multi-mode fiber-optic cable. Graded-index multi-mode fiber-optic cable A type of multimode fiber-optic cable that has a varying grade of core material. It is designed for maximum light conduction at the center of the core and gradually diminished light conduction toward the cladding. Step-index multi-mode fiber-optic cable A geberal multimode fiber-optic cable that does not counter dispersion Fusion splice Joining two fiber-optic cores using heat to fuse the materials together Optical Time Domain Reflectometer A meter for testing and troubleshooting long runs of fiber-optic cable. The OTDR conducts measurements based on the purpose of attenuation. Unbounded media An unrestricted path for network transmission. Carrier wave An electromagnetic wave of a set frequency that is used to carry wave. Modulation The process of mixing a data signal with a carrier wave. Transmitter An electronic device that generates a carrier wave and modulates the data signal into the carrier wave. Receiver An electronic device that receives a modulated signal and demodulates it. Demodulation The process of separating a data signal from a carrier wave. Channel The bandwidth of a carrier wave. Radio interference Interference that matches the frequency of a carrier wave. ISM band The band of radio frequencies associated with industrial, scientific, and medical devices. Omni-directional The ability of an antenna to transmit electromagnetic signals in all directions. Directional The ability of an antenna to transmit electromagnetic signals in a focused or aimed direction. Radio waves Electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 10 kHz to 3,000,000 MHz. Spread spectrum A transmission technique that uses multiple channels to transmit data either simultaneously or sequentially. Frequency hopping a spread spectrum technique that transmits data on multiple channels simultaneously. Direct sequencing A spread spectrum technique that transmits data on multiple channels sequentially. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) A transmission technique that transmits data over different channels within an assigned frequency range. Each channel is broadcast separately and is referred to as multiplexed. It can achieve data rates as high as 54 Mpbs. Wireless Access Point (WAP) A wireless network device that provides a connection between a wireless network and controls the flow of all packets on the wireless network. Infrastructure mode A wireless network that contains one or more Wireless Access Points. AD HOC mode A wireless network that does not contain a Wireless Access Point. Basic Service Set (BSS) An IEEE term used to describe a group of wireless devices connected as an infrastructure network or an SSID. Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) A network that does not use an access point and usually is a direct connection between two wireless devices. Extended Service Set Identifier (ESSID) Two or more wireless access points or wireless devices using the same SSID Wi-Fi A term coined by the Wi-Fi Alliance that refers to 802.11 wireless network products. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) A wireless networking technology that transmits two or more streams of data to increase data throughput and the range of the wireless network. Spatial multiplexeing A wireless networking technology that transmits two or more streams of data in the same frequency or channel. Working group A standard not fully developed an adopted as an official standard recognized by IEEE. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN) A small Ethernet network consisting of personal wireless devices such as cellphone, laptop, palmtop, , wireless printer, wireless access point, IPod, Xbox 360, and similar devices. Piconet A Bluetooth network. Also called Personal Area Network (PAN) Cellular technology A technology based on radio waves connecting to designated areas referred to as cells. Geosynchronous orbit An orbit in which a satellite's rotational speed is synchronized with the Earth's rotational speed, making the satellite appear to be in a stationary position.