table of contents
unit 1 big idea.............................................................................................................................. 1
(2.3 chemistry of water in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................................1
(2.4 acids and bases in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................2
(3.1 organic molecules in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................................3
(3.2 carbohydrates in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...........................................................6
(3.3 lipids in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................................................6
(3.4 proteins in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................................................7
(3.5 nucleic acids in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................7
unit 2 big ideas............................................................................................................................. 8
(4.2 prokaryotic cells in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................9
(4.3 introduction to eukaryotic cells in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................10
(4.4 the nucleus and ribosomes in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................11
nucleus............................................................................................................................. 11
ribosomes......................................................................................................................... 11
(4.5 the endomembrane system in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................11
endoplasmic reticulum......................................................................................................12
golgi apparatus................................................................................................................. 12
lysosomes......................................................................................................................... 12
(4.6 micro bodies and vacuoles in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................12
vacuoles........................................................................................................................... 12
(4.7 the energy related organelles in AP biology book, twelfth edition)......................................13
mitochondria..................................................................................................................... 13
chloroplast........................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 cell size................................................................................................................................ 13
(5.1 plasma membrane structure and function in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...............14
(5.2 passive transport across a membrane in AP biology book, twelfth edition)....................16
(5.3 active transport across a membrane in AP biology book, twelfth edition).......................17
2.8 tonicity and osmoregulation.................................................................................................18
(5.4 modification of cell surfaces in AP biology book, twelfth edition)....................................18
junction between cells..............................................................................................18
unit 3 big ideas........................................................................................................................... 19
(6.1 cells and the flow of energy in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................19
(6.2 metabolic reactions and energy transformations in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........20
(6.3 metabolic pathways and enzymes in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...............................21
(6.4 oxidation- reduction reactions and metabolism in AP biology book, twelfth edition)............23
photosynthesis...................................................................................................................... 23
(7.1 photosynthetic organisms in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...................................23
(7.2 the process of photosynthesis in AP biology book, twelfth edition)............................24
(7.3 plants convert solar energy in AP biology book, twelfth edition)................................25
(7.4 plants fix carbon dioxide in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................26
,Jenan Taybah
Honors/ AP biology
(2021- 2023)
1
unit 1 big idea
Big idea 1 Big idea 2 Big idea 3
- System interactions - Energetics - Information storage and
how would living systems function what is the role of energy in the transmission
without the polarity of the water making and breaking of polymers? how do living systems transmit information
molecule? in order to ensure their survival?
(2.3 chemistry of water in AP biology book, twelfth edition)
structure of water: 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom.
● bonded by single covalent bonds.
, Jenan Taybah
Honors/ AP biology
(2021- 2023)
2
○ electrons of the covalent bond are not shared equally between both atoms →
making water a polar molecule. (O ↑ electronegativity than H.)
■ polarity leads to hydrogen bonds (weak electrical attractions with other
water molecules.) multiple hydrogen bonds collectively are strong
(electronegativity: tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons.)
(polarity: having two opposite tendencies or opposite electrical charges.)
(covalent bond: chemical bond caused by the sharing of one or more electrons or 2 interacting monomers)
(ionic bond: chemical bond caused by the attraction of oppositely charged ions)
(solution: liquid of 2 or more structures mixed equally)
(solute: the dissolved substance)
❖ polarity + hydrogen bonding → the cause for several of water's properties
➢ Cohesion: water's ability to cling to one another due to hydrogen bonding. (stick together)
➢ Adhesion: water's ability to cling to other polar surfaces due to its polarity. (stick to polar
substances)
■ capillary action: liquid flowing in a narrow space without the assistance of external forces
➢ High heat capacity: strong resistance to sudden temperature change, can absorb heat without
having a great change in its temperature.
■ specific heat: amount of heat absorbed or lost to change the temperature of 1g of
substance by 1°c.
■ organisms are able to maintain their normal internal temperatures because of the slow
change in temperature.
■ heat is absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, not ↑ K.E. (↑ in K.E leads to change in
form)
➢ Universal solvent: dissolves a great number of substances due to its polarity.
■ hydrophilic: molecules that can attract water, ions and molecules disperse in water →
reactions. (attract polar molecules)
■ hydrophobic: nonionized + nonpolar molecules that cant attract water. (attract nonpolar
molecules)
➢ The density of ice is lower than liquid water: ice moves apart when it gets cold → fewer
molecules. (ice floats above the water) (held in hexagons, dipole structure, 8% less dense)
■ bodies of water don't freeze completely allowing marine life to survive under the ice.
➢ Surface tension: difficulty to stretch or break the surface due to hydrogen bonds and cohesion.
(2.4 acids and bases in AP biology book, twelfth edition)
when water ionizes → releases an equal # of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
H -- O -- H ⇌ (H+) + (OH-)
● acids: substances that release H ions (H+) when dissolved in water
○ ↑ H released the ↑ acidic the solution becomes
○ ↑ acidic ↓ pH # on pH scale
○ pH # lower than 7
● bases: substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
○ ↑ OH- released the ↑ basic the solution becomes
unit 1 big idea.............................................................................................................................. 1
(2.3 chemistry of water in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................................1
(2.4 acids and bases in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................2
(3.1 organic molecules in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................................3
(3.2 carbohydrates in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...........................................................6
(3.3 lipids in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................................................6
(3.4 proteins in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................................................7
(3.5 nucleic acids in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................7
unit 2 big ideas............................................................................................................................. 8
(4.2 prokaryotic cells in AP biology book, twelfth edition).............................................................9
(4.3 introduction to eukaryotic cells in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................10
(4.4 the nucleus and ribosomes in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................11
nucleus............................................................................................................................. 11
ribosomes......................................................................................................................... 11
(4.5 the endomembrane system in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................11
endoplasmic reticulum......................................................................................................12
golgi apparatus................................................................................................................. 12
lysosomes......................................................................................................................... 12
(4.6 micro bodies and vacuoles in AP biology book, twelfth edition)..........................................12
vacuoles........................................................................................................................... 12
(4.7 the energy related organelles in AP biology book, twelfth edition)......................................13
mitochondria..................................................................................................................... 13
chloroplast........................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 cell size................................................................................................................................ 13
(5.1 plasma membrane structure and function in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...............14
(5.2 passive transport across a membrane in AP biology book, twelfth edition)....................16
(5.3 active transport across a membrane in AP biology book, twelfth edition).......................17
2.8 tonicity and osmoregulation.................................................................................................18
(5.4 modification of cell surfaces in AP biology book, twelfth edition)....................................18
junction between cells..............................................................................................18
unit 3 big ideas........................................................................................................................... 19
(6.1 cells and the flow of energy in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........................................19
(6.2 metabolic reactions and energy transformations in AP biology book, twelfth edition).........20
(6.3 metabolic pathways and enzymes in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...............................21
(6.4 oxidation- reduction reactions and metabolism in AP biology book, twelfth edition)............23
photosynthesis...................................................................................................................... 23
(7.1 photosynthetic organisms in AP biology book, twelfth edition)...................................23
(7.2 the process of photosynthesis in AP biology book, twelfth edition)............................24
(7.3 plants convert solar energy in AP biology book, twelfth edition)................................25
(7.4 plants fix carbon dioxide in AP biology book, twelfth edition).....................................26
,Jenan Taybah
Honors/ AP biology
(2021- 2023)
1
unit 1 big idea
Big idea 1 Big idea 2 Big idea 3
- System interactions - Energetics - Information storage and
how would living systems function what is the role of energy in the transmission
without the polarity of the water making and breaking of polymers? how do living systems transmit information
molecule? in order to ensure their survival?
(2.3 chemistry of water in AP biology book, twelfth edition)
structure of water: 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom.
● bonded by single covalent bonds.
, Jenan Taybah
Honors/ AP biology
(2021- 2023)
2
○ electrons of the covalent bond are not shared equally between both atoms →
making water a polar molecule. (O ↑ electronegativity than H.)
■ polarity leads to hydrogen bonds (weak electrical attractions with other
water molecules.) multiple hydrogen bonds collectively are strong
(electronegativity: tendency of an atom participating in a covalent bond to attract the bonding electrons.)
(polarity: having two opposite tendencies or opposite electrical charges.)
(covalent bond: chemical bond caused by the sharing of one or more electrons or 2 interacting monomers)
(ionic bond: chemical bond caused by the attraction of oppositely charged ions)
(solution: liquid of 2 or more structures mixed equally)
(solute: the dissolved substance)
❖ polarity + hydrogen bonding → the cause for several of water's properties
➢ Cohesion: water's ability to cling to one another due to hydrogen bonding. (stick together)
➢ Adhesion: water's ability to cling to other polar surfaces due to its polarity. (stick to polar
substances)
■ capillary action: liquid flowing in a narrow space without the assistance of external forces
➢ High heat capacity: strong resistance to sudden temperature change, can absorb heat without
having a great change in its temperature.
■ specific heat: amount of heat absorbed or lost to change the temperature of 1g of
substance by 1°c.
■ organisms are able to maintain their normal internal temperatures because of the slow
change in temperature.
■ heat is absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, not ↑ K.E. (↑ in K.E leads to change in
form)
➢ Universal solvent: dissolves a great number of substances due to its polarity.
■ hydrophilic: molecules that can attract water, ions and molecules disperse in water →
reactions. (attract polar molecules)
■ hydrophobic: nonionized + nonpolar molecules that cant attract water. (attract nonpolar
molecules)
➢ The density of ice is lower than liquid water: ice moves apart when it gets cold → fewer
molecules. (ice floats above the water) (held in hexagons, dipole structure, 8% less dense)
■ bodies of water don't freeze completely allowing marine life to survive under the ice.
➢ Surface tension: difficulty to stretch or break the surface due to hydrogen bonds and cohesion.
(2.4 acids and bases in AP biology book, twelfth edition)
when water ionizes → releases an equal # of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)
H -- O -- H ⇌ (H+) + (OH-)
● acids: substances that release H ions (H+) when dissolved in water
○ ↑ H released the ↑ acidic the solution becomes
○ ↑ acidic ↓ pH # on pH scale
○ pH # lower than 7
● bases: substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
○ ↑ OH- released the ↑ basic the solution becomes
