MEGA 056 Counselor Exam 2023 with complete solution
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
A theory made up of sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations,
and formal operations expressed by Jean Piaget
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
First Stage. 0-2. Sensations and perceptions. Master object permanence. Emphasis on
the senses: touch, vision, motor (sucking and grasping)
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
Second Stage. 2-7. Motor skills are acquired; egocentrism is strong but begins to
decline; no logical thinking yet; most rapid period of development
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
Third Stage. 7-12. The child develops the ability to understand constant factors in the
environment, rules, and higher-order symbolic systems. Conservation is developed
here.
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)
Fourth and Final Stage. 12-adulthood. Children develop the ability to think logically in
the abstract. They develop deductive reasoning skills and are capable of achieving
post-conventional moral reasoning.
Carl Rogers Contribution to Counseling
Rogerian Therapy
Rogerian Therapy
Assumes that counseling clients become healthier when therapists provide them with
human acceptance rather than "expert" guidance. Believes that the client is the expert
on him/herself and counselors are careful not to provide interpretation, advice, or
didactic training but to simply be there with the client, attending to the growing
relationship
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Typical Questions Used with Rogerian Counseling
What do I want?
What matters to me?
Characteristics of Rogerian Counselors
Model Genuineness and congruence in their relationships with clients, who suffered
from a lack of congruence in early family life that perpetuates mental suffering in adult
life.
Erik Erikson's Theoretical Paradigm
Are defined by a series of crises which result in positive or maladaptive behaviors
Erik Erickson's stages of psychosocial development
Trust versus Mistrust (Infancy)
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Toddler Years)
, Initiative versus Guilt (Preschool Years)
Industry versus Inferiority (Elementary Years)
Identity versus Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy versus Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity versus Stagnation (Middle Age)
Integrity versus Despair (Retirement Years)
Using Erikson's Developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?
A. Successful resolution of a crisis at any stage depends upon having more positive
than negative experiences in the psychosocial area of major concern.
B.Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster
rate than other people.
C.An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been
resolved successfully and completely. D.Successful progression through the stages of
development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis.
A
Stanley is 7 years old. His parents are quite concerned about his school progress.
Although he has begun to learn to read, he reverses some letters when he writes.
Stanley's school counselor tells his parents that:
A.brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual
for children to show poor performance in isolated skills.
B.if a child shows normal progress in other reading related skills, like Stanley does, the
child is probably faking the letter reversals as a bid for attention.
C.Stanley almost certainly has a serious learning disorder which requires immediate
intervention.
D.Stanley needs glasses.
A
One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is:
A.being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group.
B.increased use of reflected appraisals in constructions of self. C.making social
comparisons to members of other cultural groups.
D.a high level of ethnocentrism that promotes cultural pride.
D
A third-grade boy is referred to the school counselor one month into the school year
because he has had six absences from school, frequently falls asleep in class, and
often wears the same clothing for days in a row. According to Abraham Maslow's
hierarchy of human needs, which of the following questions about this student should
the school counselor consider first?
A. Are this child's physiological and safety needs being met?
B. Is this child fulfilling his personal potential?
C. Does this child have any close friends?
D. How does this child feel about school and himself?
A
According to Erik Erikson's theory of human development, which of the following is the
primary psychosocial task for children between the ages of 6 and 12?
A. controlling their own behavior
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
A theory made up of sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations,
and formal operations expressed by Jean Piaget
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational
Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)
First Stage. 0-2. Sensations and perceptions. Master object permanence. Emphasis on
the senses: touch, vision, motor (sucking and grasping)
Preoperational Stage (Piaget)
Second Stage. 2-7. Motor skills are acquired; egocentrism is strong but begins to
decline; no logical thinking yet; most rapid period of development
Concrete Operational Stage (Piaget)
Third Stage. 7-12. The child develops the ability to understand constant factors in the
environment, rules, and higher-order symbolic systems. Conservation is developed
here.
Formal Operational Stage (Piaget)
Fourth and Final Stage. 12-adulthood. Children develop the ability to think logically in
the abstract. They develop deductive reasoning skills and are capable of achieving
post-conventional moral reasoning.
Carl Rogers Contribution to Counseling
Rogerian Therapy
Rogerian Therapy
Assumes that counseling clients become healthier when therapists provide them with
human acceptance rather than "expert" guidance. Believes that the client is the expert
on him/herself and counselors are careful not to provide interpretation, advice, or
didactic training but to simply be there with the client, attending to the growing
relationship
Unconditional Positive Regard (Rogers)
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Typical Questions Used with Rogerian Counseling
What do I want?
What matters to me?
Characteristics of Rogerian Counselors
Model Genuineness and congruence in their relationships with clients, who suffered
from a lack of congruence in early family life that perpetuates mental suffering in adult
life.
Erik Erikson's Theoretical Paradigm
Are defined by a series of crises which result in positive or maladaptive behaviors
Erik Erickson's stages of psychosocial development
Trust versus Mistrust (Infancy)
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (Toddler Years)
, Initiative versus Guilt (Preschool Years)
Industry versus Inferiority (Elementary Years)
Identity versus Role Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy versus Isolation (Young Adulthood)
Generativity versus Stagnation (Middle Age)
Integrity versus Despair (Retirement Years)
Using Erikson's Developmental theory as a framework, which of the following
statements is an accurate representation of his ideas?
A. Successful resolution of a crisis at any stage depends upon having more positive
than negative experiences in the psychosocial area of major concern.
B.Highly intelligent individuals can skip specific stages and make progress at a faster
rate than other people.
C.An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been
resolved successfully and completely. D.Successful progression through the stages of
development depends upon effective resolution of the Oedipal crisis.
A
Stanley is 7 years old. His parents are quite concerned about his school progress.
Although he has begun to learn to read, he reverses some letters when he writes.
Stanley's school counselor tells his parents that:
A.brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual
for children to show poor performance in isolated skills.
B.if a child shows normal progress in other reading related skills, like Stanley does, the
child is probably faking the letter reversals as a bid for attention.
C.Stanley almost certainly has a serious learning disorder which requires immediate
intervention.
D.Stanley needs glasses.
A
One factor that promotes self-esteem among minority group members is:
A.being a member of a smaller, rather than a larger, social group.
B.increased use of reflected appraisals in constructions of self. C.making social
comparisons to members of other cultural groups.
D.a high level of ethnocentrism that promotes cultural pride.
D
A third-grade boy is referred to the school counselor one month into the school year
because he has had six absences from school, frequently falls asleep in class, and
often wears the same clothing for days in a row. According to Abraham Maslow's
hierarchy of human needs, which of the following questions about this student should
the school counselor consider first?
A. Are this child's physiological and safety needs being met?
B. Is this child fulfilling his personal potential?
C. Does this child have any close friends?
D. How does this child feel about school and himself?
A
According to Erik Erikson's theory of human development, which of the following is the
primary psychosocial task for children between the ages of 6 and 12?
A. controlling their own behavior
