Portage Pathophysiology Module 4 Review Complete Guide

Portage Pathophysiology Module 4 Review Complete Guide What is the function of blood? Ans- Transport materials to and from the body's cells. What are the three stages of hemostasis? Ans- Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation What is vitamin K needed to synthesize? Ans- Factors II, VII, IX, and X, prothrombin, and protein C Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Ans- The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the subendothelial cells. Both pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful hemostasis. What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants? Ans- Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban What is peripheral vascular resistance? Ans- The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation Hemodynamics or blood flow is affected by what factors? Ans- Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension What is cardiac output? Ans- stroke volume x heart rate What is preload? Ans- end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents the volume work of the heart. What is afterload? Ans- Afterload is the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta. What is cardiac contractility? Ans- ability of the heart to change its force of contraction without changing its resting (diastolic) length. What is an inotrope? Ans- An inotropic influence is one that increases the strength of the muscular contraction. What is mean arterial pressure? Ans- average pressure in the arterial system during ventricular contraction and relaxation. It is a good indicator of tissue perfusion. MAP = CO x PVR What is thrombocytosis? Ans- elevated platelet count above 450,000/µL. What are the most common causes of inherited disorders of hypercoagulability? Ans- Factor V gene and prothrombin gene What are acquired or secondary factors of hypercoagulability that lead to venous stasis? Ans- Prolonged bed rest and immobility, myocardial infarction, cancer, hyperestrogenic states, oral contraceptives, smoking, and obesity What is thrombocytopenia? Ans- reduction in platelet number, of less than 150,000/µL How can anemias be classified according to size and color? Ans- normochromic (normal color) or hypochromic (decreased color). Red cells can also vary in size: normocytic (normal size), microcytic (small cells), and macrocytic (large cells). What is neutropenia and what are people who have it at risk for? Ans- A decrease in the number of neutrophils to less than 1000/µL; infections What are the five types of lipoproteins? Which one is the good and bad cholesterol? Ans- Chylomicrons, (VLDL), (IDL), (LDL), and (HDL). HDL is good, LDL is bad cholesterol. Where does lipoprotein synthesis take place? Ans- Small intestine and liver What are xanthomas? Ans- Cholesterol deposits along the skin and tendons in extremely elevated hyperlipidemia What is atherosclerosis and what is it a major risk factor of? Ans- Hardening of the arteries, hyperlipidemia What causes coronary artery disease (CAD)? Ans- Atherosclerosis What can CAD cause? Ans- myocardial ischemia and angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, conduction defects, heart failure, and sudden death What are the major risk factors of CAD? Ans- Cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total and (LDL) cholesterol, low serum (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, abdominal obesity, and physical inactivity. What are the 2 different ways heart failure can be defined? Ans- Systolic vs diastolic failure and right vs left heart failure What are the current stages of hypertension? Ans- normal blood pressure is defined as less than 120/80. Elevated blood pressure is 130/80; hypertension stage 1 is 140/90; and hypertension stage 2 is 140/90. What is cardiogenic shock? Ans- The heart fails to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body's needs. What causes cardiogenic shock? Ans- weakening of the hear