The mechanics of materials course focuses on understanding how to calculate
the stresses for the four main types of loading axial torsion, bending and
transverse shear. Together with their associated deformations, axial loading
will cause stresses that we defined as normal stresses. a force can affect two
distinct structures very differently depending on their geometry and the
material they 're made of. overall deformation or any strain related metric. In
general, is not about the force load moment or torque only we have to account
for both material properties and geometry. the normal strain is defined as the
ratio of the deformation delta over the length of the member and we use the
Greek letter epsilon for it. This is important to define now because the reason
we define and use stresses instead of just loads is so we can compare the
properties of a material to the stresses. A member is subjected to for purely
normal stresses. the yield strength is the stress for which the resulting plastic
deformation. After removing the load is 0. 2 percent strain. the ultimate
strength is usually associated with the stress registered during the tensile test.
true strain is defined as the integral of Dl over L over L as it should account
for the deformation or the infinitesimal changing length of the current length L
at any given point from the initial length L naught to the length of specimen L.
This integral becomes the natural log of L over a naught, which is in fact
higher than the value of the engineering stress strain curve. since the cross
section area. is becoming smaller as the specimen is subjected to tension. We
usually see that in the true stress strain curves the stresses do n't go down at
some point.
A simple trick for axial loading is to assume that the direction of the internal
forces is positive, so that if the value is in fact positive. The stress being
positive will mean that it's a tensile stress. if the value of the stress is negative,
it means that it is a compressive one. the stress is not 10 mega Pascal’s, but
minus 10 mega cals as long as you can properly draw the free body diagrams
of the member subjected to axial load.
Axial Deformation, Thermal Expansion, and
Poisson's Ratio
Normal strain is defined as the deformation delta over the initial length L and
elastic modulus is the ratio between the stress and the strain within the elastic
or linear section of the stress strain diagram. The expression for axial strain is