PSYC100 WS Exam 1 2023 with verified questions and answers

Psychologists traditionally study Both normal and abnormal functioning and treat individuals with mental and emotional problems Dweck conducted an experiment to determine whether changing students mindsets could actually change their academic performance. Students who already had a fixed mindset tended to have lower grades. In the second study, Dweck & Blackwell selected 100 seventh graders and randomly assigned them to attend one of two kinds of study skill workshops. The students in the growth mindset workshop ended up having higher grades at the end of the semester. Which of the following is true about the scientific research on learning styles and academic performance? The lack of evidence suggests that students who describe themselves as "visual learners" do equally well on an exam regardless of whether or not a teacher used a great deal of visual aids. Which of the following is an accurate statement about Roediger & Karpicke's experiment on the testing effect? Students who took a practice test after learning some new information remembered significantly more than those who had more time to study if the final test was 2 days or 1 week later. Who was more confident in the amount of information they could remember on the final test of what they had learned? The students that studied more Sleep affects muscle control exercise gives short term oxygen boost to brain Vitamin b12 and folic acid keep homocysteine to a minimum food provides fuel that gives essential nutrients needed for a wide range of brain functions Self-handicapping is motivated by a desire to protect our self esteem Berglas & Jones (1978) gave participants either an easy or impossible task and, regardless of their performance, told everyone that they had performed very well. Before attemptingthe task again, those that had been given 16 impossible problems chose to take theperformance-hindering drug. true When we focus our attention on one thing and in turn fail to notice everything else that's going on, this is called inattentional blindness Roberts & Curtis found that students who used their laptop most of the class meeting did _____ on a surprise quiz compared to those who used their laptop some of the time: worse Testing the idea that laptops can create a cone of distraction, Sana et al. (2013) found that those sitting behind other distracted students scored ___ percentage points worse than those who were not distracted. 17 Individuals who self-handicap have a self-image that is entirely negative. false Psychology is the study of behavior in humans and animals. true Grace's teacher decided to try a new test format where students will have to listen to the questions on headphones and speak their answers aloud into a recording. She suggested that the students practice listening to the textbook online. However Grace identifies herself as a visual learner and decided to study for her exam using flashcards. Grace ended up performing poorly on this exam. According to the research on learning styles, this is most likely because: Grace did not believe she could learn the material aurally Definition of mnemonic any technique used to assist memory True or False - Human memory is like a computer; it allows us to store information for later use. However, unlike a computer, this information may be biased. true True or False - Confirmation bias allows us to keep an open mind to new information because we understand that we are not always correct in our thinking false True or False - Humans are able to retrieve all that we we have previously encoded and stored. false True or False - Activating information in order to move it into the short-term memory for use from the long-term memory can be done both subconscious and consciously. true Which of the following is the best definition for emotional intelligence? The extent to which you are aware of and can effectively adjust your emotions and those of others. True or False - One's motivation does not impact one's ability to process and allocate resources to new information false Which of the following is an example of the Anchoring Heuristic? A car salesman offers Michael a very high price to start negotiations. He ends up buying the car at a higher price than if the car salesman had offered a fair or low price to start. Which of the following are examples of metacognition? rehearsal, double-checking, problem-solving Which of the following best explains why some species tend to get credit for being particularly "intelligent" compared to other species? Specific cognitive capabilities evolved because they provided the particular species with some advantage when it comes to staying alive and having offspring. At a school event, Maya meets Emily. Emily is dressed in colorful, creative clothing, has a dramatic way of speaking, and frequently hums to herself. Maya guesses that Emily is a theater major, even though it is the smallest department in her school. This is an example of: Representativeness heuristic What are the key features of a science? control, empirical evidence, replication, objectivity, predictability, hypothesis testing True or False - When formulating hypotheses, an alternative hypothesis is the default position that the effect you are looking for does not exist, while the null hypothesis is that your prediction is correct. false What is an advantage to using self-report measures to collect information from or about a participant's thought and behavior? Surveys are inexpensive and efficient way to collect a lot of data. Which answer best describes the best definition for Operationalization? The process by which a researcher defines how a concept is measured, observed, or manipulated within a particular study. Which situation best describes Placebo Effect? A group of individuals in a clinical study are assigned to a control group where they are given a sugar pill. After 1 year of the study, these individuals report that their symptoms improved, despite the fact that they were using a nonactive treatment. Which of the following answers best describes a negative correlation? As weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease. True or False - An independent variable (IV) is something we are going to manipulate (change). A dependent variable (DV) is something we will measure after manipulating the independent variable. true What is the name of the panel of persons who reviews grant proposals with respect to ethical implications and decides whether additional actions need to be taken to assure the safety and rights of participants? Institutional Review Board (IRB) A direct replication would be a study that tests the same hypothesis but with different operationalizations. false A researcher wants to know if learning a second language increases people's writing ability. They design a study and falsely conclude that it does not increase writing ability. This is an example of a: type 2 error A researcher wants to know if all people who own pets in the United States have higher well-being. They decide to stand outside one Petco store in Washington, DC and ask every 5th person to complete their questionnaire. This is an example of random sampling. false A researcher wants to study people who were teenagers living in NYC during the 9/11 attacks to see if they developed mental health problems over time.. They have participants complete a series of questionnaires every 6 months for five years. This is an example of a: longitudinal study A researcher wants to examine bullying behaviors among middle school students. They ask all students at a local middle school to complete a questionnaire. This study's results might be influenced by: social desirability bias A parent is worried about their child's insomnia caused by the pressures of preparing for exams. They give their child some sugar pills saying that this is the medication for insomnia. Soon, their child feels better with using these sugar pills. This is an example of: placebo effect Researchers can give people outside of the study information on their participants, including their names and home addresses, if needed. false A researcher is interested in the chemical composition of water in a particular set of caves. They need to test the pH of the water and record how its acidity is affected by temperature. This is an example of: naturalistic observation A researcher wants to know whether ages would affect people's views toward exercises. They select groups of different ages and ask them to respond to some questions in a survey. This is an example of: self-report and cross-sectional study Which of the following is NOT a technique that will produce random assignment: Selecting participants who are more willing to respond to surveys Which of the following are strategies we can use to reduce, and eventually eliminate, the relationship between a stimulus and a response? Systemic desensitization, habituation, counter-conditioning Which of the following best describes an example of the Garcia Effect? Avery went on vacation where there was pollution in the air. When Avery got sick, he blamed the sickness on the food, even though the food did not have anything to do with the illness. True or False - An example of Systematic Desensitization is that a new ringtone for your cell phone may draw your attention or even become distracting. But, over time, you become accustomed to this sound, and you pay less attention to the noise and your response to the sound will diminish. False True or False - Operant Conditioning pays no attention or importance is given to the mind. It is all about rewards and punishment. true Which of the following is an example of Positive Punishment? Scolding a child to get the child to stop talking back to their parents. Which of the following definitions best describes Extinction? The process of unlearning a behavior when reinforcement is no longer associated with it. True or False - Learned Helplessness occurs when an individual faces a negative, uncontrollable situation for the first time and decides not to change their circumstances. false Which best describes the difference between classical and operant conditioning? Operant Conditioning explains how consequences lead to change in voluntary behavior through reinforcement and punishment. Classical Conditioning involves associating an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to turn it into a conditioned stimulus. A dog owner wants to make sure her dog will not try to eat cicadas this summer. She decides to clap loudly every time her dog approaches a cicada, which startles and frightens him. Soon, whenever her dog sees a cicada, he starts and avoids it. In this example, the dog's startle response is the: Conditioned response A toddler is scared of thunderstorms and cries whenever it thunders. Her parents decide to give her a gummy bear every time it thunders. Soon, she no longer cries when it thunders. This is an example of: counter-conditioning A 3rd grade teacher has a token system in which good behaviors are rewarded with a blue token and bad behaviors earn a red token. When students earn 5 blue tokens, they are allowed to choose a prize from the prize box. When they cumulate 5 red tokens, they must stay inside for recess. In this example, the red token is a: secondary punisher A parent wants their child to practice the flute for 30 min every day. They knock on their child's door every 10 minutes, reminding their child. Finally, the child starts practicing to make their parent stop. This is an example of: negative reinforcement A parent wants their daughter to stop biting her nails. Every time she notices her daughter biting her nails, she makes her eat one more serving of vegetables at dinner. The daughter does not like vegetables. Eventually, her daughter stops biting her nails. This is an example of: positive punishment A student feels sick after drinking coffee from a local coffee shop. The student now refuses to drink coffee. Later, the student finds out that she was actually sick with the flu and that it was not the coffee from the local coffee shop that made her feel sick. Even after this, the student still refuses to drink coffee. This is an example of： Garcia Effect Which of the following schedule is more likely to lead to extinction: continuous A dog owner wants to train their dog skateboarding. First, they rewards their dog every time it stands firm on the board. Then, they rewards their dog every time it makes a successful move on the skateboard. After a week, their dog learns how to skateboard and enjoys it. In this example: The rewarding behavior is Positive Reinforcement because the behavior of the dog skateboarding is encouraged. A mother wants to fix her child's fear of heights. She has learned the technique of "flooding" in psychology and decides to use it. Without consulting with a professional, this mother should take her child to the top floor of a high building to see the view for hours and expect her child's fear of heights to disappear. false In the first lecture of PSYC100, a student thinks the classroom is too crowded and has too many students in it. After taking it for a month, the student stops noticing it and feels comfortable sitting and learning in the classroom. This is an example of: habituation