PSYC 140 (Portage) Module 3 Graded A+

PSYC 140 (Portage) Module 3 Graded A+ Key infant reflexes: Ans- 1) Rooting 2) Moro Reflex 3) Grasping/Palmer Reflex 4) Stepping Reflex Rooting Ans- A reflex where a baby turns their head when the cheek or mouth is touched. Moro reflex Ans- A startled response: infant arches back and throws out limbs. Palmer reflex Ans- A spontaneous grasp made by an infant when the palm is rubbed. Stepping reflex Ans- Infant makes stepping motions when held above surfaces. Sleep states: Ans- nREM and REM sleep nREM sleep Ans- Regular sleep, non-rapid eye movement, where the baby is nearly motionless. REM sleep Ans- Irregular sleep, characterized by uneven breathing, half of an infant's daily sleep pattern. Shaken baby syndrome Ans- Brain damage caused by an infant being violently shaken. 5Ss of soothing Ans- 1) Swaddling 2) Side/stomach 3) Swinging 4) Shushing sounds 5) Sucking Why 5Ss work: Ans- -Touch releases endorphins -Soothing noises are calming -Swinging is similar to womb -Swaddling limits overstimulation Infancy Ans- -First two years of life -Reaching 30 lbs -32-35in tall Two types of growth: Ans- Cephalocaudal Proximodistal Cephalocaudal Ans- Growth starts at the top with the head. -Brain and skull are primary locations of growth (limbs/body later). Overproduction Ans- Brains have more synaptic connections than needed. Neural pruning Ans- Important connections are maintained, and unimportant ones are discarded. Critical periods Ans- Must learn information within a specific span of time, otherwise brains won't develop Example of critical periods Ans- Language acquisition (before 5yo), deaf children babbling in sign Proximodistal Ans- Growth starts in the trunk and moves to the limbs. -Gross motor b4 fine motor Piaget Ans- -Emphasized the role of the individual in constructing knowledge. -Significant with Infancy and the Sensorimotor Stage Scheme/Schema Ans- The brain organizing and categorizing concepts: cafeteria, soccer team, dog. Assimilation Ans- Absorbing information into an existing schema: calling all men with beards, Santa. Accommodation Ans- Changing schemas to make sense of incoming information: modifying the Santa schema to only certain men with beards. Sensorimotor stage Ans- The infant is learning through their senses and developing motor skills. Substages of sensorimotor Ans- 1) Simple reflexes 2) First habits 3) Secondary circular reaction 4) Coordination of secondary circular 5) Tertiary circular 6) Internalization of schemas Simple reflexes Ans- Sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors. First habits and Primary circular reactions Ans- -coordination of sensation and 2 types of schemes: habits (reflex) and primary circular reactions (reproduction of an event that initially occurred by chance) Examples of first habits/1* circular reactions Ans- Sucking at will: toes, thumbs, etc. Secondary circular reaction Ans- Purposeful behaviors focused on the external world. The schemes: mental representations of how the world works. Example of 2* circular reaction Ans- -Infant can pick up rattle, shake it, repeat. -Learning sounds, what things look like, how things feel Coordination of secondary circular Ans- Behaviors become coordinated and goal-directed. Tertiary circular Ans- Infant experiments and tries different things. Example of tertiary circular Ans- Infant shakes rattle, throws multiple times, lands differently and observes, mealtime throws objects. Internalization of schemes Ans- Using symbols and internal representation. Object permanence Ans- An awareness an object exists when out of sight. Socioemotional development Ans- The social and emotional changes and individual goes through. Temperament Ans- An individual's behavioral style and characteristic emotional responses. Three temperament types: Ans- 1) Easy children 2) Difficult children 3) Slow-to-warm-up children Easy children Ans- Easily adapt to schedules, routines, and new experiences. Happy children. Difficult children Ans- Difficult to schedule, unpredictable, not adaptable, react poorly in new situations, cry frequently. Slow-to-warm-up child Ans- Inactive overall, difficult in novel situations, adjust slowly. Attachment Ans- A close emotional bond, primarily between a caregiver and a child. John Bowlby Ans- Attachment theory: crucial for infants to develop close bonds with caregivers within the first year of life. Separation anxiety Ans- -Distress in infants separated from caregiver. -Peaks between 6-24 months. Mary Ainsworth Ans- Developed the Strange Situation test to measure infant attachment. The Strange Situation Ans- Experiment involving 8 episodes lasting 3 minutes, involving a combination of mother, stranger and child. Attachment styles: Ans- 1) Secure 2) Insecure avoidant 3) Insecure resistant 4) Disorganized Secure attachment Ans- -Distressed when mother leaves -Avoidant of stranger when alone -Positive and happy when mother returns Insecure avoidant Ans- -No sign of distress when mother leaves -Infant is okay with stranger -Infant shows little interest when mother returns Insecure resistant Ans- -Intense distress when mother leaves -Infant avoids stranger -Approaches mother, but resists contact Disorganized (attachment) Ans- -Mix of resistant and avoidant -Dazed and confused, nervous around caregiver -Potential child abuse from caregiver Kagan Ans- Temperament an