Module 5 Psych 140 Portage Learning

Module 5 Psych 140 Portage Learning physical changes during middle childhood grow 2-3" per year, gain 5-7 lbs per year, baby fat decreases/muscle mass increases cephalocaudal pattern growth in middle childhood head circumference is now becoming more in proportion with today body height proximodistal pattern grown in middle childhood has now progressed from trunk to the limbs, and fine motor skills are learned Causes of childhood obesity genetics, socioeconomic status, less physical activity The recommended treatment for childhood obesity is: behavioral attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development inattention easily distracted, forgetfulness, disorganization hyperactivity-impulsivity Impulsivity - making hasty actions without first thinking about them, a desire for immediate rewards, inability to delay gratification Hyperactivity - seems to move about constantly, including in situations in which it is not appropriate, excessively fidgets, taps, or talks How is ADHD treated? A combination of medication and behavioral therapy How is ADHD diagnosed? Symptoms must be chronic or long-lasting, impair the person's functioning, and cause the person to fall behind typical development for his or her age. concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (not yet abstract thought) Seriation Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume. How does one's cultural and educational experiences influence their cognitive development? One's culture influences what and when you are learning specific things. (ie. Scientific reasoning) "popular" children Children who tend to be well-liked by their peers and are often socially skilled. These skills often continue into adulthood. (2 types: antisocial popular & prosocial popular) antisocial popular children who defy authority and who enhance their popularity by manipulation and exclusion; the mean kids prosocial popular children who perform well in schools and communicate with their peers in a positive, friendly way; the nice kids (60% of children) rejected children children who are actively disliked and some may engage in behaviors that encourage this dislike / at risk for a variety of problems in the future, such as drug use, aggression, and delinquency. neglected children rarely receive positive or negative votes, largely ignored by their peers but they may in fact be socially skilled. They seem to have similar outcomes as average children. consequences of divorce drop in income, increase in family conflict, changes in parenting styles How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household. factors that influence how a child responds to divorce: - child's age & temperament - child's gender (girls internalize, boys act out) - recent research: how the father handles the divorce Lawrence Kolberg stages of moral development, "The Heinz Dilemna" Kolberg's stages of moral development preconventional, conventional, postconventional preconventional morality first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior (obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards) Substages of preconventional reasoning 1. Obedience & Punishment - rules are seen as fixed/absolute, follow rules to avoid punishment 2. Reciprocity/Self-interest - children judge actions based on self-interest conventional morality second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior (Being kind and considerate to others is what is right) Substages of conventional reasoning 1. Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships - "good boy/good girl" choices influence relationships 2. Maintaining Social Order - people consider society as a whole when making judgements postconventional morality third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms (internal control, obeying one's conscience) two stages of postconventional reasoning 1. Social Contract & Individual Rights - people begin to account for differing values, opinions, and beliefs of others 2. Universal Principles - people follow internalized principles of justice even if they conflict with laws and rules criticism of Kolberg's moral reasoning scale age bias (children have no experience in marriage, Heinze dilemna too abstract) cultural bias (different cultures and religions may have different moral outlooks that Kolberg didn't take into account) overemphasizes justice (compassion, caring, and other feelings may influence moral reasoning too) gender bias (subjects mostly are men in western culture) Compare Piaget and Kolberg's views. They both agree that children aren't capable of abstract thought, and that until then, they require reward/punishments According to Piaget, what cognitive gains are made during the Concrete Operational Stage? Conservation, seriation, and logical thinking How does a child's response to divorce vary according to age and gender? Younger children may blame themselves for the divorce or act immaturely, while older children may act out in different ways, either through externalizing problems (rebellion, school problems, etc.) or internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, etc.). Girls are particularly likely to act out when a parent remarries, while boys are at risk for externalizing problems if they are raised in a mother-headed household