Developmental Psych, Module 4 Portage

Developmental Psych, Module 4 Portage Influences on gender Ans- 1) Biological Influences 2) Social Influences 3) Cognitive Influences authoritarian Ans- low response, high demand authoritative Ans- high responsiveness, high demandingness permissive Ans- high responsiveness, low demandingness neglectful Ans- low responsiveness, low demandingness gender constancy Ans- the awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors myelination Ans- the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron synaptic pruning Ans- the normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated gross motor skills Ans- physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping fine motor skills Ans- physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination preoperational stage Ans- in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. symbolic function substage Ans- Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present Egocentrism Ans- in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Animism Ans- the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. intuitive thought substage Ans- Children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to questions Centration Ans- focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others conservation Ans- The understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away. zone of proximal development Ans- the difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone Scafolding Ans- The process of adjusting instructions so that it is responsive to a beginner's behavior and supposrt the beginner's efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill. gender schema theory Ans- the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordi