when we exceed the allowable range in this session we will talk about the range
exceeding condition of integers both signed and unsigned. Similar concept is
adopted on other data types as well so let 's get started here in this example. In
this example of 3 bit representation our range is from 0 to 7 and if we try to
exceed the range we come back again to 0 and then 1 then 2 and then 3 and so on
that means we are actually performing some kind of cycle. For 32-bit unsigned data
our mod function would be mod 2 raised to the power 32 for n bit unsigned data. For
32-bit unsigned integer range would be from 0 to 4 2 9 4 9 6 7 to 9 5. If you want
to represent 13 we are actually coming back to 1 again because studied mod 12 is
equals to 1 this clock analogy helps us in understanding these range exceeding
conditions. If we try to represent number -2 one force and four eight three six
four nine which is one lesser than minus two.