1. Acids: Acids are substances that have a sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red,
and have a pH less than 7. Examples of common acids include hydrochloric
acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3).
2. Bases: Bases are substances that have a bitter taste, turn red litmus paper
blue, and have a pH greater than 7. Examples of common bases include
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2).
3. Neutral substances: Neutral substances have a pH of 7 and include pure
water and table salt (NaCl).
4. Indicators: Indicators are substances that change color depending on whether
they are in contact with an acid, a base, or a neutral substance. Examples of
common indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.
5. Acid-base reactions: When an acid and a base react, they neutralize each
other and form a salt and water. This type of reaction is called an acid-base
reaction.
6. Salts: Salts are ionic compounds that are formed when an acid reacts with a
base. They are named according to the metal cation and the anion in the
compound.
7. pH scale: The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a substance.
It ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic, 14 being the most basic,
and 7 being neutral.
and have a pH less than 7. Examples of common acids include hydrochloric
acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and nitric acid (HNO3).
2. Bases: Bases are substances that have a bitter taste, turn red litmus paper
blue, and have a pH greater than 7. Examples of common bases include
sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2).
3. Neutral substances: Neutral substances have a pH of 7 and include pure
water and table salt (NaCl).
4. Indicators: Indicators are substances that change color depending on whether
they are in contact with an acid, a base, or a neutral substance. Examples of
common indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.
5. Acid-base reactions: When an acid and a base react, they neutralize each
other and form a salt and water. This type of reaction is called an acid-base
reaction.
6. Salts: Salts are ionic compounds that are formed when an acid reacts with a
base. They are named according to the metal cation and the anion in the
compound.
7. pH scale: The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a substance.
It ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic, 14 being the most basic,
and 7 being neutral.
