GERIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY
UNIT - 1
UNIT 1- Introduction
1. Scope and development of Geriatric Psychology in the twentieth century
2. Improved medical care and increase of Geriatric population
3. The raise of old age homes and the geriatric caregiver
1. Scope and development of Geriatric Psychology in the
twentieth century
PREHISTORY OF GERIATRICS:
- The hieroglyphic for ‘‘old’’ in ancient Egypt (2800 B.C.) was a bent person leaning on a
staff—perhaps the first depiction of the ravages of osteoporosis. In 1550 B.C., the Ebers
Papyrus suggested that ‘‘debility through senile decay is due to purulency on the heart.’’
- Hippocrates felt that old age was cold and wet. This was perhaps driven by his
recognition of the effects of cardiac cachexia and understanding that cardiac failure
occurred commonly in old age.
- Galen (10 A.D.), whose theories were to hold sway through many future centuries, felt
that old age was cold and dry
THE BIRTH OF GERIATRICS:
- Modern geriatrics was born with the invention of the word ‘‘geriatrics’’ by Ignatz Leo
Nascher.
- Geriatrics was derived from the geronte, a group of men over 60 years who ran the
legislative council (gerousia) of Athens
- He wrote a number of articles on geriatrics (35,36) and a book, published in 1914,
Geriatrics: The Diseases of Old Age and Their Treatment.
- William Osler, the famous Canadian physician who was chairman of medicine at Johns
Hopkins in Baltimore. Osler appeared to be remarkably ageist as shown in his final
address called, ‘‘The Fixed Period,’’ where he stated that men over 40 years were
relatively useless, as they were beyond the golden age of 25 to 40 (37). Men over 60
years were considered absolutely useless, and chloroform was not a bad idea for this age
group.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GERIATRICS—THE UNITED KINGDOM
- Marjory Warren (1897–1960) is given much credit for the development of modern
geriatrics
, - Among her innovations was to enhance the environment, introduce active rehabilitation
programs, and emphasize increased motivation on the part of the older person. She wrote
27 articles on geriatrics
- The first chair for geriatrics in the world was the Cargill Chair at Glasgow University
awarded to Dr. Ferguson Anderson in 1965
- The American Geriatrics Society was organized on June 11, 1942, at the Hotel Brighton
in Atlantic City by Malford W. Thewlis. The first annual meeting was held in 1943 with
Lucien Stark of Norfolk, Nebraska, as president. In 1953, the Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society was published under the editorship of Willard O
2. Improved medical care and increase of Geriatric population
(incomplete)
The increase in the aging population is predicted to dramatically escalate health care
costs over the foreseeable future. As older adults live longer, disease management
programs will need to be expanded to handle the chronic disorders of older adults.
The increasing health services demand created by the expanding population of older
Adults are likely to bring shortages of many types of healthcare professionals, including geriatric
nurses, doctors, and health care aides; the quality of health treatment older adults receive needs
to be significantly improved.
Geriatric nurses can be especially helpful in treating the health care problems of older adults.
3. The raise of old age homes and the geriatric caregiver
( incomplete)
The term ‘care home’ covers any establishment providing accommodation with personal or nursing
care. There are broadly two types of care homes: homes that provide nursing care (nursing homes) and
homes that provide personal care and support (residential homes).
Care homes’ residents tend to be very elderly and frail; multiple physical problems and/or comorbidity
with mental disorders are common4.
A number of key characteristics mark out those care homes that successfully promote and sustain good
quality care: clear leadership, a positive ethos, and staff training and support to enhance com-
munication skills and promote retention.
,A family caregiver is typically defined as one who provides care to an adult family member who
cannot fully manage basic or instrumental activities of daily living. The duration of family caregiving
may also be lengthening, in step with increases in the life expectancy, medical advances that enable
home care, and shorter hospital stays.
The professional caregiving workforce includes those that provide outpatient services, including
visiting nurses, certified nurse assistants, and home health care aids, along with facility staff in long-
term care settings
Health Care Providers and Older Adults The attitudes of both the health care provider and the
older adult are important aspects of the older adult’s health care (Aud & others, 2006; Miller,
2010). Unfortunately, health care providers too often share society’s stereotypes and negative
attitudes toward older adults (Reyna, Goodwin, & Ferrari, 2007; Rovi & others, 2009). In a
health care setting, these attitudes can take the form of avoidance, dislike, and begrudged
tolerance rather than positive, hopeful treatment. Health care personnel are more likely to be
interested in treating younger persons, who more often have acute problems with a higher
prognosis for successful recovery. They often are less motivated to treat older persons, who are
more likely to have chronic problems with a lower prognosis for successful recovery
Not only are physicians less responsive to older patients, but older patients often take a less
active role in medical encounters with health care personnel than do younger patients. Older
adults should be encouraged to take a more active role in their own health care.
COGNITIVE RESERVE HYPOTHESIS
UNIT-2
1. Erikson‘s stages of psychosocial development
, 2. Pre-retirement counseling and social support
3. Interviewing the elderly
- Erik erikson psychosocial stages
- Scope and development
- Retirement : types of retirement, reluctant retirement, voluntary retirement
- Sources of stress during retirement
Coping processes of trancison:
- Preserve and maintain their identity and self worth:
- Recreating life structure
- Revise and establish a strategies , bridge employment
- To be done prior
Stages of retirement :
5 stages
- 1 preparation
- 2 celebration / excitement stage
- 3 honeymoon stage
- 4 reality stage/ disenchment : regret is coming
- 5 Stability./ reorientation stage / moving on
Do’s and don'ts of retirement :
Do’s:
- always discuss the retirement plan with your partner.
- Planning ahead about finance and emotion
- Coping strategies
- Certain goals to be determined which are SMART
- Talk to people who have already retired
- Remaining flexible and open to new opportunities
Don'ts:
- Don't assume the partners view point
1: ERIKSON’S STAGE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Erickson’s psychosocial theory views personality as developing across lifespan and
distinguishes 8 distinct stages within the lifecycle. The model focuses on the development of
the self or ego through these 8 stages. This is one of the theories that describe the impact of
social experience across the lifespan. According to Erikson ego identity it’s the conscious
UNIT - 1
UNIT 1- Introduction
1. Scope and development of Geriatric Psychology in the twentieth century
2. Improved medical care and increase of Geriatric population
3. The raise of old age homes and the geriatric caregiver
1. Scope and development of Geriatric Psychology in the
twentieth century
PREHISTORY OF GERIATRICS:
- The hieroglyphic for ‘‘old’’ in ancient Egypt (2800 B.C.) was a bent person leaning on a
staff—perhaps the first depiction of the ravages of osteoporosis. In 1550 B.C., the Ebers
Papyrus suggested that ‘‘debility through senile decay is due to purulency on the heart.’’
- Hippocrates felt that old age was cold and wet. This was perhaps driven by his
recognition of the effects of cardiac cachexia and understanding that cardiac failure
occurred commonly in old age.
- Galen (10 A.D.), whose theories were to hold sway through many future centuries, felt
that old age was cold and dry
THE BIRTH OF GERIATRICS:
- Modern geriatrics was born with the invention of the word ‘‘geriatrics’’ by Ignatz Leo
Nascher.
- Geriatrics was derived from the geronte, a group of men over 60 years who ran the
legislative council (gerousia) of Athens
- He wrote a number of articles on geriatrics (35,36) and a book, published in 1914,
Geriatrics: The Diseases of Old Age and Their Treatment.
- William Osler, the famous Canadian physician who was chairman of medicine at Johns
Hopkins in Baltimore. Osler appeared to be remarkably ageist as shown in his final
address called, ‘‘The Fixed Period,’’ where he stated that men over 40 years were
relatively useless, as they were beyond the golden age of 25 to 40 (37). Men over 60
years were considered absolutely useless, and chloroform was not a bad idea for this age
group.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GERIATRICS—THE UNITED KINGDOM
- Marjory Warren (1897–1960) is given much credit for the development of modern
geriatrics
, - Among her innovations was to enhance the environment, introduce active rehabilitation
programs, and emphasize increased motivation on the part of the older person. She wrote
27 articles on geriatrics
- The first chair for geriatrics in the world was the Cargill Chair at Glasgow University
awarded to Dr. Ferguson Anderson in 1965
- The American Geriatrics Society was organized on June 11, 1942, at the Hotel Brighton
in Atlantic City by Malford W. Thewlis. The first annual meeting was held in 1943 with
Lucien Stark of Norfolk, Nebraska, as president. In 1953, the Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society was published under the editorship of Willard O
2. Improved medical care and increase of Geriatric population
(incomplete)
The increase in the aging population is predicted to dramatically escalate health care
costs over the foreseeable future. As older adults live longer, disease management
programs will need to be expanded to handle the chronic disorders of older adults.
The increasing health services demand created by the expanding population of older
Adults are likely to bring shortages of many types of healthcare professionals, including geriatric
nurses, doctors, and health care aides; the quality of health treatment older adults receive needs
to be significantly improved.
Geriatric nurses can be especially helpful in treating the health care problems of older adults.
3. The raise of old age homes and the geriatric caregiver
( incomplete)
The term ‘care home’ covers any establishment providing accommodation with personal or nursing
care. There are broadly two types of care homes: homes that provide nursing care (nursing homes) and
homes that provide personal care and support (residential homes).
Care homes’ residents tend to be very elderly and frail; multiple physical problems and/or comorbidity
with mental disorders are common4.
A number of key characteristics mark out those care homes that successfully promote and sustain good
quality care: clear leadership, a positive ethos, and staff training and support to enhance com-
munication skills and promote retention.
,A family caregiver is typically defined as one who provides care to an adult family member who
cannot fully manage basic or instrumental activities of daily living. The duration of family caregiving
may also be lengthening, in step with increases in the life expectancy, medical advances that enable
home care, and shorter hospital stays.
The professional caregiving workforce includes those that provide outpatient services, including
visiting nurses, certified nurse assistants, and home health care aids, along with facility staff in long-
term care settings
Health Care Providers and Older Adults The attitudes of both the health care provider and the
older adult are important aspects of the older adult’s health care (Aud & others, 2006; Miller,
2010). Unfortunately, health care providers too often share society’s stereotypes and negative
attitudes toward older adults (Reyna, Goodwin, & Ferrari, 2007; Rovi & others, 2009). In a
health care setting, these attitudes can take the form of avoidance, dislike, and begrudged
tolerance rather than positive, hopeful treatment. Health care personnel are more likely to be
interested in treating younger persons, who more often have acute problems with a higher
prognosis for successful recovery. They often are less motivated to treat older persons, who are
more likely to have chronic problems with a lower prognosis for successful recovery
Not only are physicians less responsive to older patients, but older patients often take a less
active role in medical encounters with health care personnel than do younger patients. Older
adults should be encouraged to take a more active role in their own health care.
COGNITIVE RESERVE HYPOTHESIS
UNIT-2
1. Erikson‘s stages of psychosocial development
, 2. Pre-retirement counseling and social support
3. Interviewing the elderly
- Erik erikson psychosocial stages
- Scope and development
- Retirement : types of retirement, reluctant retirement, voluntary retirement
- Sources of stress during retirement
Coping processes of trancison:
- Preserve and maintain their identity and self worth:
- Recreating life structure
- Revise and establish a strategies , bridge employment
- To be done prior
Stages of retirement :
5 stages
- 1 preparation
- 2 celebration / excitement stage
- 3 honeymoon stage
- 4 reality stage/ disenchment : regret is coming
- 5 Stability./ reorientation stage / moving on
Do’s and don'ts of retirement :
Do’s:
- always discuss the retirement plan with your partner.
- Planning ahead about finance and emotion
- Coping strategies
- Certain goals to be determined which are SMART
- Talk to people who have already retired
- Remaining flexible and open to new opportunities
Don'ts:
- Don't assume the partners view point
1: ERIKSON’S STAGE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Erickson’s psychosocial theory views personality as developing across lifespan and
distinguishes 8 distinct stages within the lifecycle. The model focuses on the development of
the self or ego through these 8 stages. This is one of the theories that describe the impact of
social experience across the lifespan. According to Erikson ego identity it’s the conscious
