LML4807 EXAM PACK ANSWERS () AND 2020 BRIEF NOTES

LML4807 EXAM PACK ANSWERS () AND 2020 BRIEF NOTES LML4807 BANKING LAW AND USAGE PAST EXAM PACK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (2019 – 2014) SUMMARISED NOTES 2020 LML 4807 BANKING LAW EXAM MEMO 1. Name and explain the roles of the various parties involved in documentary letters of credit. Depending on the circumstances a large number of different parties may be involved in a letter of credit. These include: -The applicant This is usually the buyer(importer) in terms of the contract of sale and who applies to the issuing bank for the issuance of the letter of credit. -The issuing bank or opening bank This bank issues or opens the letter of credit. The issuing and opening banks are usually one and the same bank, but that is not necessarily the case. Occasionally an opening bank approaches an issuing bank on behalf of the applicant to issue a letter of credit, in such a case the opening bank merely acts as messenger and does not assume any liability on the credit. Usually the issuing or opening bank is situated in the same country as the applicant or buyer, and the latter is usually an existing client of the issuing or opening bank. The issuing or opening bank assumes independent and separate liability toward the beneficiary on the letter of credit. -The Beneficiary According to the letter of credit the beneficiary is the party in whose favour the credit is issued. Usually the beneficiary is the seller (exporter) in terms of the contract of sale. -The advising or notifying bank Merely acts to advise or notify the beneficiary of the issuance of the letter of credit. Often the advising or notifying bank and the issuing bank are co-subsidiaries of the same holding company (bank). Alternatively, they may simply be branch offices of a correspondent bank of the issuing or opening bank. Usually they are situated in the same country as the beneficiary. The advising or notifying bank does not bind itself toward the beneficiary for the payment on the credit. -The confirming bank Confirming banks are only involved in the case of confirmed letters of credit and never in the case of unconfirmed letters of credit. The confirming bank is usually situated in the same country as the beneficiary. The confirming bank assumes a separate and independent liability on the credit in favour of the beneficiary.