Hematologic system 2023 with verified questions and answers

Hematologic system is made up of these 7 things lymph nodes thymus liver spleen arteries veins bone marrow 5 Functions of blood 1. transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic wastes 2. regulation of the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids 3. restriction of fluid losses and pathogens 4. defense against toxins and pathogens 5. the stabilization of body temperature Hematopoiesis constant production of blood cells 4 Components of Blood 1. Plasma 2. Red Blood Cells-aka-erythrocytes 3. White Blood Cells-aka-leukocytes 4. Platelets-aka-thrombocytes Plasma is responsible for what? the transportation of various salts, dissolved proteins, nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones, electrolytes, and other materials Red Blood Cells (RBC) are known as what? Erythrocytes White Blood Cells are also known as what? Leukocytes 2 main types of white blood cells Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Granulocytes differentiate into what? neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils contribute to the body's non-specific defenses are non-discriminate against a threat or non-threat micro-organism Agranulocytes comprised of the remaining white blood cell population What do Agranulocytes differentiate into? monocytes and lymphocytes Monocytes are very large and aggressive phagocytic cells that often engulf pathogens as large, or larger than themselves Lymphocytes are responsible for initiating specific defense mechanism by coordinating immune responses and producing antibodies Platelets "AKA" Thrombocytes responsible for the formation of clots that stop bleeding Arteries thick, smooth muscled vessels whose main purpose is to carry blood away from the heart Arteries carry this carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the peripheral tissues of the body Pulmonary Artery the only exception of the arteries that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Arterioles parts of the arteries that become progressively smaller as they feed into the capillaries Capillaries microscopic vessels and serve as the site for gas (o2 and CO2), also nutrient exchange between peripheral tissues and cells Veins carry de-oxygenated blood from peripheral tissues to the heart Red Marrow is blood cell producing marrow and is found mainly in the flat bones in the ends of the long bones Yellow Marrow found in the interior middle portion of long bones and can turn into red marrow in extreme situations such as severe and sustained blood loss, comprised of mainly adipose cells Hemoglobin carried in red blood cells that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to exchange at the capillary level Spleen largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body, stores and produces red and white blood cells and remove foreign material and damaged cells Liver largest organ of the body that stores whole blood and iron What is the soft pinkish-gray and lobulated gland located in the upper portion of the chest cavity, just behind the sternum? thymus Thymus Role store white blood cells where they mature and differentiate until they are activated by an antigen Lymph Node oval or bean-shaped structure located throughout the body What are Lymph Nodes responsible for? the immune response system and removes old and damaged erythrocytes "aka" red blood cells, and other pathogens from the blood stream Plasma liquid portion of blood Plasma contains what? electrolytes, oxygen and nutrients, in the form of glucose, proteins and enzymes needed for cell survival What is CBC? Complete Blood Count lab test to assess the hematologic system and its health What is INR and what does it determine? International Normalized Ration test measure the time it takes, in seconds, for a clot to form What is the difference between Polycythemia and Anemia? Polycythemia is the over-production of RBCs Anemia is a decrease of or inefficient RBCs 4 types of Anemia Iron deficiency- low iron Folate deficiency- folic acid Pernicous- B12 Sickle cell- genetic Anemia (deficiency) condition in which oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, which is a result of low hematocrit or low blood hemoglobin(iron) concentrations Hematocrit blood test value that indicates the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements Iron deficiency anemia decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood caused by too little iron Folate deficiency anemia decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood caused by too little folic acid Pernicious anemia vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, is a decrease in the number of red blood cells that occurs when the body cannot properly absorb vitamin B12 from the GI tract Sickle Cell anemia disease passed down through families in which red blood cells form an abnormal crescent shape White blood cell disorders Leukopenia (low WBC count) Leukocytosis (high WBC count) Leukopenia abnormally low total WBC count that may be due to any cause Leukocytosis opposite of leucopenia and is characterized by an abnormally high WBC count Bleeding disorders characterized by either a deficiency in the platelet count or a failure to produce one or more of the clotting factors responsible for forming blood clots in response to an injury Thrombocytopenia deficiency in the platelet count and is characterized by bleeding from many small blood vessels throughout the body Hemophilia genetic deficiency in specific clotting factors which results is slow or no clotting of the blood, excessive bleeding from minor abrasions, and swollen and painful joints Blood Clotting characterized by clot formation when there is damage to the lining of a blood vessel Colony Stimulating Factors target the stem cells that are responsible for producing the various blood cells EPO (Erythropoiesis Stimulating Hormone), stimulates the production of RBCs M-CSF stimulates the production of monocytes G-CSF stimulates the production of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) GM-CSF stimulates the production of both granulocytes and monocytes Multi-CSF accelerates the production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs Besophil inflammation Eosinophil multicellular Neutrophil first responder Blood Dyscrasias drug induced disorders