NP235 Exam 2 Review 2023 Questions and
Answers(Verified Answers)
What is Adrenal Crisis?
Physical stress from the flu or other infection, or from surgery, can send a patient with
Addison disease into Addisonian crisis. Another situation that can cause symptoms of
acute lack of cortisol results from prescribed treatment.
What are s/s of adrenal crisis?
The patient experiences generalized malaise and muscle weakness, muscle pain,
orthostatic hypotension, and vulnerability to cardiac dysrhythmias. Insufficiency of the
glucocorticoids affects blood glucose levels and causes symptoms of hypoglycemia.
There is also decreased secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes, which results in
anorexia, nausea and vomiting, flatulence, and diarrhea. These symptoms, as well as
anxiety, depression, and loss of mental acuity, have been correlated with the absence
of the peaks of cortisol output that normally occur every 24 hours.
What is DIC?
Damaged tissue liberates tissue thromboplastin, creating a state of excessive clotting in
the microcirculation throughout the body. When excessive clotting depletes the body's
clotting factors, hemorrhage follows, leading to hypotension or shock.
What are s/s of DIC
Continued bleeding from an injection or IV site, extensive bruising in areas of injury,
ecchymoses where there has been no trauma, and petechiae.
There may be oral, vaginal, or rectal bleeding. Laboratory studies will reveal a
decreased hemoglobin and low platelet count.
The prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times will be increased.
The fibrinogen level is reduced, and the fibrin degradation products level is increased.
The D-dimer result is elevated.
What are s/s of hypoglycemia?
Increase pulse, confusion, HA, Nervous, Nausea, Cool and clammy skin, shaking
where is insulin manufactured in the body
The pancreas is both an endocrine (secretes into the bloodstream) and exocrine
(secretes through a duct to the target tissues) gland. Its endocrine function is to produce
the hormones insulin and glucagon.
What is diabetes mellitus type 2
formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)—makes up 90% to
95% of all known cases of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is believed to begin with insulin resistance, in which insulin interaction
with glucose becomes less efficient, and therefore glucose metabolism is abnormal.
More insulin is produced by the pancreas to maintain cellular metabolism. Type 2
diabetes has a tendency to develop later in life than does type 1, and patients with type
2 rarely develop diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are some risk factors for DM type 2?
obesity
asian, hispanic, african american, American Indian
, In type 2 diabetes there also seems to be a relationship to aging and a reduction in the
function of the pancreatic beta cells and how they synthesize insulin.
Raynaud's disease
characterized by spasm of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities with an
exaggerated response to cold and stress, resulting in bilateral vasospasm.
what education would you provide to your patient to prevent complications of
Raynauds disease
protect the extremities from cold, stress, vasoconstriction!
The patient should be taught to:
Dress warmly when in cold environments.
Clothing should be layered and nonrestrictive. Hat, gloves, and warm socks should be
worn.
Wear protective gloves when reaching into ovens and when handling extremely cold
items.
Avoid cold temperatures when possible, to manage stress, and to stop tobacco use.
Caffeine intake should be limited.
If appropriate, the patient should be referred to a smoking cessation program.
What does a patient take thrombolytics for
give to stroke pts.
they disolve clots.
at risk for hemorrage.
Anticoagulants work by preventing blood clots from forming. Some do this by preventing
the body from making clotting factors. Others keep the clotting factors from working or
prevent other chemicals from forming so that clots can't develop
What is the priority in treating sickle cell patients
administration of oxygen, pain-relieving drugs, and oral and intravenous fluids to reduce
pain and prevent complications. Doctors also may recommend blood transfusions, folic
acid supplements, and antibiotics.
A bone marrow transplant may be an effective treatment in some circumstances
What would be the plan of care for a patient with Peripheral Vascular Disease?
Reduction of high blood pressure(2)
Long-term control to decrease the risk of stroke, heart attack, loss of vision, and kidney
disease. The target is to control blood pressure at or below 120/80 mm Hg.
Sodium should be kept to less than 2400 mg/day. Alcohol intake should be moderated.
Aerobic exercise of 30 to 45 minutes most days of the week is recommended.
What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty aka PTCA?
a nonsurgical interventional technique to open blocked coronary arteries. It is performed
in the cardiac catheterization laboratory using fluoroscopy. A catheter with a balloon tip
is threaded into the blocked artery, and when the narrowed area is reached, the balloon
Answers(Verified Answers)
What is Adrenal Crisis?
Physical stress from the flu or other infection, or from surgery, can send a patient with
Addison disease into Addisonian crisis. Another situation that can cause symptoms of
acute lack of cortisol results from prescribed treatment.
What are s/s of adrenal crisis?
The patient experiences generalized malaise and muscle weakness, muscle pain,
orthostatic hypotension, and vulnerability to cardiac dysrhythmias. Insufficiency of the
glucocorticoids affects blood glucose levels and causes symptoms of hypoglycemia.
There is also decreased secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes, which results in
anorexia, nausea and vomiting, flatulence, and diarrhea. These symptoms, as well as
anxiety, depression, and loss of mental acuity, have been correlated with the absence
of the peaks of cortisol output that normally occur every 24 hours.
What is DIC?
Damaged tissue liberates tissue thromboplastin, creating a state of excessive clotting in
the microcirculation throughout the body. When excessive clotting depletes the body's
clotting factors, hemorrhage follows, leading to hypotension or shock.
What are s/s of DIC
Continued bleeding from an injection or IV site, extensive bruising in areas of injury,
ecchymoses where there has been no trauma, and petechiae.
There may be oral, vaginal, or rectal bleeding. Laboratory studies will reveal a
decreased hemoglobin and low platelet count.
The prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times will be increased.
The fibrinogen level is reduced, and the fibrin degradation products level is increased.
The D-dimer result is elevated.
What are s/s of hypoglycemia?
Increase pulse, confusion, HA, Nervous, Nausea, Cool and clammy skin, shaking
where is insulin manufactured in the body
The pancreas is both an endocrine (secretes into the bloodstream) and exocrine
(secretes through a duct to the target tissues) gland. Its endocrine function is to produce
the hormones insulin and glucagon.
What is diabetes mellitus type 2
formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)—makes up 90% to
95% of all known cases of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is believed to begin with insulin resistance, in which insulin interaction
with glucose becomes less efficient, and therefore glucose metabolism is abnormal.
More insulin is produced by the pancreas to maintain cellular metabolism. Type 2
diabetes has a tendency to develop later in life than does type 1, and patients with type
2 rarely develop diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are some risk factors for DM type 2?
obesity
asian, hispanic, african american, American Indian
, In type 2 diabetes there also seems to be a relationship to aging and a reduction in the
function of the pancreatic beta cells and how they synthesize insulin.
Raynaud's disease
characterized by spasm of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities with an
exaggerated response to cold and stress, resulting in bilateral vasospasm.
what education would you provide to your patient to prevent complications of
Raynauds disease
protect the extremities from cold, stress, vasoconstriction!
The patient should be taught to:
Dress warmly when in cold environments.
Clothing should be layered and nonrestrictive. Hat, gloves, and warm socks should be
worn.
Wear protective gloves when reaching into ovens and when handling extremely cold
items.
Avoid cold temperatures when possible, to manage stress, and to stop tobacco use.
Caffeine intake should be limited.
If appropriate, the patient should be referred to a smoking cessation program.
What does a patient take thrombolytics for
give to stroke pts.
they disolve clots.
at risk for hemorrage.
Anticoagulants work by preventing blood clots from forming. Some do this by preventing
the body from making clotting factors. Others keep the clotting factors from working or
prevent other chemicals from forming so that clots can't develop
What is the priority in treating sickle cell patients
administration of oxygen, pain-relieving drugs, and oral and intravenous fluids to reduce
pain and prevent complications. Doctors also may recommend blood transfusions, folic
acid supplements, and antibiotics.
A bone marrow transplant may be an effective treatment in some circumstances
What would be the plan of care for a patient with Peripheral Vascular Disease?
Reduction of high blood pressure(2)
Long-term control to decrease the risk of stroke, heart attack, loss of vision, and kidney
disease. The target is to control blood pressure at or below 120/80 mm Hg.
Sodium should be kept to less than 2400 mg/day. Alcohol intake should be moderated.
Aerobic exercise of 30 to 45 minutes most days of the week is recommended.
What is Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty aka PTCA?
a nonsurgical interventional technique to open blocked coronary arteries. It is performed
in the cardiac catheterization laboratory using fluoroscopy. A catheter with a balloon tip
is threaded into the blocked artery, and when the narrowed area is reached, the balloon
