Anatomy and Physiology HESI 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Anatomy Study of structure and body parts that make up an organism Physiology study of how the different body parts work together Anterior (ventral) toward the front Posterior (dorsal) toward the back Superior located above another part toward the head Inferior located below another structure Medial nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body Lateral farther away from the midline Proximal closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk Distal farther from the point of attachment Superficial external, located near a surface Deep internal, located away from the surface Central situated at the center of the body or an organ Peripheral situated away from the center of the body or an organ Sagital Plane medial, extends lengthwise and divides the body (right and left) frontal plane coronal, perpendicular to a sagittal . divides the body into anterior and posterior Transverse Plane horizontal, perpendicular to the body's long axis and divides the body horizontally. (divides superior and inferior) organs combination of tissues make up functional units organ system group of organs that work together to perform a specific function tissues Groups of cells with a common structure and function. weave latin word of tissue epithelial coat the body's internal and external surfaces with one or more layers of tightly packed cells epithelial tissue A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out epithelial tissue covers organs and line the inside of hollow organs protection, nutrient absorption , gas diffusion function of epithelial tissue epithelial tissues that form glands glands organs that secrete substances into ducsts into the bloodstream connective tissue most widespread tissue type in a vertebrate's body connective fill spaces, attach epithelium to tissues, protect and cushion organs, provide both flexible and firm support connective tissue consists of cells that are scattered within the extracellular matrix muscle tissue consists of cells that contract abundant mitochondria provide the energy for contraction nervous tissue conveys information rapidly muscles provide motion skeleton adds firm supporting structure cartilage tough, flexible material that pads joints and is found in the nose and ears Chondrocytes cartilage cells axial skeleton located in the longitudinal central axis of the body axial skeleton consists of the head, vertebral column, and thoracic/rib cage appendicular skeleton consists of the appendages and the bones that support them skull consists of hard dense bones that fit together like puzzle pieces movable jaw enable us to chew food, speak, and hear coccyx vestigial structure. the remnant bone of the tail during human evolution thoracic cage ... true ribs ribs which are attached to the sternum false ribs (3) ribs which are joined to the 7th rib pectoral girdle attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton clavicle collarbone scapula shoulder blade humerus upper arm ulna/radius part of the forearm carpals wrist bones metacarpals hand bones phalanges finger bones pelvic girdle os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone pelvic girdle attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton leg lower extremity femur thigh bone patella knee cap tibia shin bone fibula lower leg bone tarsals ankle bones metatarsals foot bones phalanges toe bones motion and locomotion produced by muscles pullin on bones joints in the skeleton allow body parts to flex and extend ligaments attach bones to bones at the joints tendons allows muscles to attach to bones origin on a bone that remains stationary insertion on a bone that moves joint area where two bones MEET synovial joints enclosed in an elastic joint capsule synovial fluid lubricant secreted by synovial membrane articular cartilage covers the end bones of synovial bones hinge joint allows flexing and extending along one plane ball and socket joint allows rotational movement gliding joint in these joints, bones slide past one another gliding joint allows twisting motion skeletal muscle attach bones to provide voluntary movement skeletal muscle muscle that helps maintain posture and protect internal organs skeletal muscle muscle that is called striated / striped cos they have striations of alternating light and dark band skeletal muscles fleshy body parts are made up of these muscles skeletal muscle (muscle) - blinking, talking, breathing, eating, dancing, writing smooth muscle muscles which are unmarked by striations smooth muscle muscles which arent attached to bones and do not tire easily smooth muscle not under conscious control smooth muscle muscles found in walls of internal organs cardiac muscle muscle found in the heart, also involuntary cardiac muscle these muscles require continuous supply of oxygen to function cardiac muscle cells begin to die after 30 seconds of oxygen cut off excitability (characteristic of muscles) ability to respond to stimulus contractibility (characteristic of muscles) muscle fibers that are stimulated by nerves contract extensibility (characteristic of muscles) ability to be stretched elasticity (characteristic of muscles) allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it has been stretched flexion (type of musculo-skeletal movement) decreasing the angle between two bones or pending body parts extension (type of musculo-skeletal movement) increasing the angle between two bones are straightening the body part adduction (type of musculo-skeletal movement) moving the body part toward the midline abduction (type of musculo-skeletal movement) moving a body part away from the midline circumduction (type of musculo-skeletal movement) moving in a circle at a joint rotation (type of musculo-skeletal movement) turning a body part around its own axis location, origin and insertion muscles are named thru their... sternocleidomastoid flexes and rotates head masseter elevate mandible temporalis elevate and retract mandible trapezius extend head, adduct, elevate or depress scapula latissimus dorsi extend, adduct, and rotates arm medially deltoid abduct, flex, and extend arm pectoralis major flexes, adducts, and rotates arm medially biceps brachii flexes elbow joint triceps brachii extend elbow joint rectus abdominis flexes abdomen external oblique compress abdomen external intercostals elevate ribs internal intercostals depress ribs diaphragm inspiration gluteus maximus extends and rotates thigh laterally; muscle of the buttocks rectus femoris flexes thigh, extends lower legs biceps femoris extends thigh and flexes lower leg; hamstring muscle gastrocnemius plantar flexes foot and flex lower leg; calf muscle tibialis anterior dorsiflexes and inverts foot; muscle of the lower leg