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SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS
CRIM. 3: ETHICS AND VALUES
PART ONE - GENERAL and SPECIAL ETHICS
ETHICS
- the science of the morality of human acts
- the study of the human motivation, and ultimately of human rational behaviour
- derived from the Greek word, ethos, which means characteristic way of acting and ethikos, which
means customary
MORALITY
- the quality which makes an act good or bad, good or evil, right or wrong
MORAL DISTINCTIONS
1) moral - good, right
2) immoral- bad, wrong
3) amoral - neither good nor bad
HUMAN ACTS
- acts that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
1) KNOWINGLY
- when the person fully understands what he is doing and has the ability to appreciate the
consequences of his actions
2) DELIBERATELY
- when the person did his actions intentionally
3) FREELY
- when the person performed his actions voluntarily
TWO DIVISIONS OF ETHICS
1) GENERAL ETHICS
- the study of the general principles of morality
2) SPECIAL ETHICS
- the study of the application of the general principles of morality; included in this division is the
category of professional ethics
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- a set of moral code to which every profession must subscribe
- guides the professional where the law is silent or inadequate
POLICE ETHICS
- an example of professional ethics
- a practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement
VALUES
- anything that a person considers important in life, such as material things, ideas and
experiences
KINDS OF VALUES
1) BIOLOGICAL VALUES
- those that are necessary for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing, sex, water, sleep
- include the physiological needs of man as man
2) PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUES
- those are that are necessary for emotional fulfillment of man, such as relationships,
companionship, family, friendships, love
3) INTELLECTUAL VALUES
- those that are necessary for the intellectual fulfillment of man, such as achievements, career,
success
4) MORAL VALUES
, FOUR MORAL/CARDINAL VIRTUES
1) PRUDENCE
- the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of reason and sound judgment
- the virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing what is
morally good and avoiding what is evil
2) TEMPERANCE
- one’s ability to moderate or avoid something
- the virtue that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual pleasures
3) FORTITUDE
- firmness of mind
- the courage to endure without yielding
- the virtue that incites courage
a) PATIENCE – calmness and composure in enduring situations
b) PERSEVERANCE – the ability to go on despite the obstacles
c) ENDURANCE – the ability to last
4) JUSTICE
- the virtue that inclines the will to give to each one of his rights
THREE DIVISIONS OF JUSTICE
1) COMMUTATIVE
- virtue that regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between one and another
2) DISTRIBUTIVE
- Regulates those actions that involve the rights than an individual may claim from society
3) LEGAL
- virtue that regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the
common good
RIGHT
- anything that is owed or due
- something to which a person has a just and lawful claim
- anything that a person can lawfully demand
HUMAN RIGHTS
- rights pertaining to the rights of man
- rights inherent to man by virtue of being a human being
- are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development
supreme rights = highest form of rights
inherent rights = rights attached to men as human
inalienable rights = rights that cannot be transferred, cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken away
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
1) RIGHT TO LIFE
Exceptions:
self-defense
death under exceptional circumstances
death penalty
2) RIGHT TO LIBERTY
Exceptions:
for reasons of public health and public safety
penalty for commission of a crime
circumstances of warrantless arrests
3) RIGHT TO PROPERTY
Exceptions:
circumstances of warrantless search
by virtue of court order
BILL OF RIGHTS
- a list of individual liberties, freedom and rights which are guaranteed and protected under Article III of
the 1987 Philippine Constitution
- protection of individuals against abuses of the state
- protection of the rights of an accused
1550 Espana Blvd. Cor. Lacson Ave., Sampaloc, Manila
SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS
CRIM. 3: ETHICS AND VALUES
PART ONE - GENERAL and SPECIAL ETHICS
ETHICS
- the science of the morality of human acts
- the study of the human motivation, and ultimately of human rational behaviour
- derived from the Greek word, ethos, which means characteristic way of acting and ethikos, which
means customary
MORALITY
- the quality which makes an act good or bad, good or evil, right or wrong
MORAL DISTINCTIONS
1) moral - good, right
2) immoral- bad, wrong
3) amoral - neither good nor bad
HUMAN ACTS
- acts that are done knowingly, deliberately and freely
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
1) KNOWINGLY
- when the person fully understands what he is doing and has the ability to appreciate the
consequences of his actions
2) DELIBERATELY
- when the person did his actions intentionally
3) FREELY
- when the person performed his actions voluntarily
TWO DIVISIONS OF ETHICS
1) GENERAL ETHICS
- the study of the general principles of morality
2) SPECIAL ETHICS
- the study of the application of the general principles of morality; included in this division is the
category of professional ethics
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
- a set of moral code to which every profession must subscribe
- guides the professional where the law is silent or inadequate
POLICE ETHICS
- an example of professional ethics
- a practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement
VALUES
- anything that a person considers important in life, such as material things, ideas and
experiences
KINDS OF VALUES
1) BIOLOGICAL VALUES
- those that are necessary for survival, such as food, shelter, clothing, sex, water, sleep
- include the physiological needs of man as man
2) PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUES
- those are that are necessary for emotional fulfillment of man, such as relationships,
companionship, family, friendships, love
3) INTELLECTUAL VALUES
- those that are necessary for the intellectual fulfillment of man, such as achievements, career,
success
4) MORAL VALUES
, FOUR MORAL/CARDINAL VIRTUES
1) PRUDENCE
- the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of reason and sound judgment
- the virtue that attracts the intellect to choose the most effective means for accomplishing what is
morally good and avoiding what is evil
2) TEMPERANCE
- one’s ability to moderate or avoid something
- the virtue that regulates the carnal appetite for sensual pleasures
3) FORTITUDE
- firmness of mind
- the courage to endure without yielding
- the virtue that incites courage
a) PATIENCE – calmness and composure in enduring situations
b) PERSEVERANCE – the ability to go on despite the obstacles
c) ENDURANCE – the ability to last
4) JUSTICE
- the virtue that inclines the will to give to each one of his rights
THREE DIVISIONS OF JUSTICE
1) COMMUTATIVE
- virtue that regulates those actions that involve the rights that exist between one and another
2) DISTRIBUTIVE
- Regulates those actions that involve the rights than an individual may claim from society
3) LEGAL
- virtue that regulates those actions which society may justly require of the individual for the
common good
RIGHT
- anything that is owed or due
- something to which a person has a just and lawful claim
- anything that a person can lawfully demand
HUMAN RIGHTS
- rights pertaining to the rights of man
- rights inherent to man by virtue of being a human being
- are the supreme, inherent and inalienable rights to life, dignity and to self-development
supreme rights = highest form of rights
inherent rights = rights attached to men as human
inalienable rights = rights that cannot be transferred, cannot be borrowed and cannot be taken away
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS
1) RIGHT TO LIFE
Exceptions:
self-defense
death under exceptional circumstances
death penalty
2) RIGHT TO LIBERTY
Exceptions:
for reasons of public health and public safety
penalty for commission of a crime
circumstances of warrantless arrests
3) RIGHT TO PROPERTY
Exceptions:
circumstances of warrantless search
by virtue of court order
BILL OF RIGHTS
- a list of individual liberties, freedom and rights which are guaranteed and protected under Article III of
the 1987 Philippine Constitution
- protection of individuals against abuses of the state
- protection of the rights of an accused
