CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION o The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prison
concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal of
I. Basic Definition of Terms:
II. Correction and the Criminal Justice System
PENOLOGY defined: The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any governmen
o The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of just
and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. Enforcement Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the Cor
o The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering. Community Pillar. Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice System
o Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that weakest pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing
deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with the reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates in j
philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities. the need of prison management is necessary to rehabilitate inmates and transform
o Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy inflicting abiding citizens after their release. Correction is the fourth pillar of the crimin
punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing. pillar takes over once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted o
crime he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to
Penal Management: institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The o
o Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails the benefits of parole or executive clemency once he has served the minimum
or prisons. When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the m
national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.
CORRECTION defined:
o A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and III. Historical Perspective on Corrections
rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
o It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and Important Dates and Events in the History of Correction
practices of the government and the society in general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and 13th Century – Securing Sanctuary
control. In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee i
o It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a ro
him.
reformation of criminals.
1468 (England) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
o It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures,
16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At
personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement,
Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially reli
supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.
Correction as a Process
17th C to late 18th C – Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment
o Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his
deviant or delinquent actions with out the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the Reasons why Death Penalty became the usual
introduction of individual measures of reformation. Punishment during this period and thereafter:
Correctional Administration
, 1. Death of outlaws became a “protection for the English people”. It is because the people The Primitive Society
during this period did not totally believe yet in the ability to a strong police force to combat o In the beginning of civilization, acts are characterized by behavioral c
criminals. forbidden acts, accepted acts, and those acts that are encouraged.
2. People lack confidence in the transportation of criminals. Gaols and Galleys became center of o Crimes, violence, rebellious acts and other acts, which are expressly pro
corruption and ineffective instruments of punishment. fall as forbidden acts. Accepted acts are those that can be beneficial
3. Doctrine of Crude Intimidation appeared or seemed to be a logical form of threat in order to society such as early traditions and practices, folkways, norms, those
deter or prevent the people from violating the law. social rules, and laws.
4. The assumption was that, the Ruling Class is tasked to protect property rights and maintain o Encourage acts are anything approved by the majority which is believed
public peace and order. The system of maintaining public order had little consideration or it common good. These things include marrying, having children, cro
did not recognize the social and economic condition of the lower working class. The food, etc
lawmakers and enforcers used death penalty to cover property loss or damage with out further o Punishment is required when those who intend to violate the rules do
contemplating the value of life of other people. practices.
o The complex society gradually evolved changing the social rules i
GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff. sanctions to prevent the violations of those rules essential to group su
Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals. A have been codified into written rules or laws. And the reward for obeyi
type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century. the ability to function as a respected and productive member of society.
Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18 th and 19th century. These
were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They Redress (Compensation) of a wrong act
were also called “floating hells”.
Retaliation (Personal Vengeance)
The Primary Schools of Penology o the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in the primitive so
personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the family o
1. The Classical School hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive societies.
o it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”. That the individual
calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the result of Fines and Punishment
his calculations. o Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive societi
2. The Neo-classical School vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal services, et
o it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in dictated by tribal traditions. As tribal leaders, elders and later kings
certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from begun to exert their authority on the negotiations. Wrongdoers could
pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should be free from punishment. from the proceedings (Trial by ordeal) but if they refuse to abide by
3. The Positivist/Italian School will be declared to be an outlaw.
o the school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime
and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals Early Codes:
are considered as sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment programs rather than o History has shown that there are three main legal systems in the w
punitive actions against them. extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that pr
chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedan or A
, American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores” and th
pervading influence. The Roman private law (Which include Criminal Law), especially has Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated
offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law principles (Coquia, Principles o
terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the Pre-Sp
sense of equity. (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996)
There was also a law that was written which includes:
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and sev
harsh punishment.
a. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred c. Sikatuna Law
years older.
Early Prisons:
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement which is buil
o An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However, the law of Rome in 64 B.C Other places of confinement in the history of confinement i
did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western legal CASTLES, and TOWN GATES that were strongly built purposely against rovin
codes. most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in Lond
The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) the employment and housing of English prisoners.
represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code.
It is the foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. Wulnut Street Jail–originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. I
It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco Early prisons in the Philippines:
In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both
citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds). During the Pre-Spanish period, prison system in the Philippines was t
The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the early written la
name of the injured party. Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of confienment fo
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) virtue of the Royal decree of the Spanish crown. In 1936, the City of Manila exc
o specified punishment according to the social class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, property with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ train
middle class and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “ Ma
social status.
IV. THE EMERGENCE OF SECULAR LAW
Early Codes (Philippine Setting) 4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers wh
The Philippines is one of the many countries that cane under the influence of the Roman Law. for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thoma
History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental Europe
such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe. Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became Three Laws were distinguished:
concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal of
I. Basic Definition of Terms:
II. Correction and the Criminal Justice System
PENOLOGY defined: The Criminal Justice System is the machinery of any governmen
o The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control prevention of crimes and criminality. It is composed of the pillars of just
and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders. Enforcement Pillar (Police), the Prosecution Pillar, the Court Pillar, the Cor
o The term is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering. Community Pillar. Correction as one of the pillars of Criminal Justice System
o Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science. It is actually a division of criminology that weakest pillar. This is because of its failure to deter individuals in committing
deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and concerned itself with the reformation of inmates. This is evident in the increasing number of inmates in j
philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities. the need of prison management is necessary to rehabilitate inmates and transform
o Penology has stood in the past and, for the most part, still stands for the policy inflicting abiding citizens after their release. Correction is the fourth pillar of the crimin
punishment on the offender as a consequence of his wrongdoing. pillar takes over once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted o
crime he committed. He can apply for probation or he could be turned over to
Penal Management: institutional agency or facility for custodial treatment and rehabilitation. The o
o Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails the benefits of parole or executive clemency once he has served the minimum
or prisons. When the penalty is imprisonment, the sentence is carried out either in the m
national penitentiary depending on the length of the sentence meted out.
CORRECTION defined:
o A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and III. Historical Perspective on Corrections
rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
o It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and Important Dates and Events in the History of Correction
practices of the government and the society in general involving the processes of handling
individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and 13th Century – Securing Sanctuary
control. In the 13th C, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee i
o It is the study of jail/prison management and administration as well as the rehabilitation and of 40 days at the end of which time he has compelled to leave the realm by a ro
him.
reformation of criminals.
1468 (England) – Torture as a form of punishment became prevalent.
o It is a generic term that includes all government agencies, facilities, programs, procedures,
16th Century – Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. At
personnel, and techniques concerned with the investigation, intake, custody, confinement,
Russia and other European Countries followed this system. It partially reli
supervision, or treatment of alleged offenders.
prisons. Transportation was abandoned in 1835.
Correction as a Process
17th C to late 18th C – Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment
o Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his
deviant or delinquent actions with out the necessity of taking punitive actions but rather the Reasons why Death Penalty became the usual
introduction of individual measures of reformation. Punishment during this period and thereafter:
Correctional Administration
, 1. Death of outlaws became a “protection for the English people”. It is because the people The Primitive Society
during this period did not totally believe yet in the ability to a strong police force to combat o In the beginning of civilization, acts are characterized by behavioral c
criminals. forbidden acts, accepted acts, and those acts that are encouraged.
2. People lack confidence in the transportation of criminals. Gaols and Galleys became center of o Crimes, violence, rebellious acts and other acts, which are expressly pro
corruption and ineffective instruments of punishment. fall as forbidden acts. Accepted acts are those that can be beneficial
3. Doctrine of Crude Intimidation appeared or seemed to be a logical form of threat in order to society such as early traditions and practices, folkways, norms, those
deter or prevent the people from violating the law. social rules, and laws.
4. The assumption was that, the Ruling Class is tasked to protect property rights and maintain o Encourage acts are anything approved by the majority which is believed
public peace and order. The system of maintaining public order had little consideration or it common good. These things include marrying, having children, cro
did not recognize the social and economic condition of the lower working class. The food, etc
lawmakers and enforcers used death penalty to cover property loss or damage with out further o Punishment is required when those who intend to violate the rules do
contemplating the value of life of other people. practices.
o The complex society gradually evolved changing the social rules i
GAOLS - (Jails) – pretrial detention facilities operated by English Sheriff. sanctions to prevent the violations of those rules essential to group su
Galleys – long, low, narrow, single decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals. A have been codified into written rules or laws. And the reward for obeyi
type of ship used for transportation of criminals in the 16th century. the ability to function as a respected and productive member of society.
Hulks – decrepit transport, former warships used to house prisoners in the 18 th and 19th century. These
were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They Redress (Compensation) of a wrong act
were also called “floating hells”.
Retaliation (Personal Vengeance)
The Primary Schools of Penology o the earliest remedy for a wrong act to any one (in the primitive so
personal revenge by the victim’s family or tribe against the family o
1. The Classical School hence “blood feuds” was accepted in the early primitive societies.
o it maintains the “doctrine of psychological hedonism” or “free will”. That the individual
calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the result of Fines and Punishment
his calculations. o Customs has exerted effort and great force among primitive societi
2. The Neo-classical School vengeance in the form of payment (cattle, food, personal services, et
o it maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general, it should be modified in dictated by tribal traditions. As tribal leaders, elders and later kings
certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from begun to exert their authority on the negotiations. Wrongdoers could
pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should be free from punishment. from the proceedings (Trial by ordeal) but if they refuse to abide by
3. The Positivist/Italian School will be declared to be an outlaw.
o the school that denied individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime
and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act, is a natural phenomenon. Criminals Early Codes:
are considered as sick individuals who need to be treated by treatment programs rather than o History has shown that there are three main legal systems in the w
punitive actions against them. extended to and adopted by all countries aside from those that pr
chronological order, they are the Roman, the Mohammedan or A
, American Laws. Among the three, it was Roman law that has the most lasting and most effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores” and th
pervading influence. The Roman private law (Which include Criminal Law), especially has Revised Penal Code today, 1930) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated
offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent Basically, these laws adopted the Roman Law principles (Coquia, Principles o
terminology, mature rules and a complete system, logical and firm, tempered with a high Mostly tribal traditions, customs and practices influenced laws during the Pre-Sp
sense of equity. (Coquia, Principles of Roman Law, 1996)
There was also a law that was written which includes:
1. Babylonian and Sumerian Codes a. The Code of Kalantiao (promulgated in 1433) – the most extensive and sev
harsh punishment.
a. Code of King Hammurabi (Hammurabic Code) – Babylon, about 1990 BC, credited as b. The Maragtas Code (by Datu Sumakwel)
the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, but in fact, Sumerian codes were nearly one hundred c. Sikatuna Law
years older.
Early Prisons:
2. Roman and Greek Codes
a. Justinian Code– 6th C A.D., Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law. Mamertine Prison – the only early Roman place of confinement which is buil
o An effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes. However, the law of Rome in 64 B.C Other places of confinement in the history of confinement i
did not survive due to the fall of the Roman Empire but left a foundation of Western legal CASTLES, and TOWN GATES that were strongly built purposely against rovin
codes. most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELL WORKHOUSE (1557) in Lond
The Twelve Tables (XII Tabulae), (451-450 BC) the employment and housing of English prisoners.
represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian Code.
It is the foundation of all public and private law of the Romans until the time of Justinian. Wulnut Street Jail–originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. I
It is also a collection of legal principles engraved on metal tablets and set up on the state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
forum.
b. Greek Code of Draco Early prisons in the Philippines:
In Greece, the Code of Draco, a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both
citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts (Vengeance, Blood Feuds). During the Pre-Spanish period, prison system in the Philippines was t
The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the early written la
name of the injured party. Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of confienment fo
3. The Burgundian Code (500 A.D) virtue of the Royal decree of the Spanish crown. In 1936, the City of Manila exc
o specified punishment according to the social class of offenders, dividing them into: nobles, property with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for boys’ train
middle class and lower class and specifying the value of the life of each person according to old Bilibid Prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the “ Ma
social status.
IV. THE EMERGENCE OF SECULAR LAW
Early Codes (Philippine Setting) 4th A.D. - Secular Laws were advocated by Christian philosophers wh
The Philippines is one of the many countries that cane under the influence of the Roman Law. for justice. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thoma
History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent to most of continental Europe
such as Spain, Portugal, French and all of Central Europe. Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became Three Laws were distinguished:
