NR 565 Pharmacology Week 1/125
Questions and Answers
Pharmacokinetics - -The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion in the body
"What the body does to the drug"
-Factors that affect drug absorption (5) - -Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
PH partitioning
-Factors that affect drug distribution (4) - -Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
-Pharmacodynamics - -The study of biochemical and physiologic effects of
drugs on the body and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are
produced
"What the body does to the drug"
-Phamacodynamics: 3 mechanisms of action - -Receptor
Enzyme
Non-selective interactions (i.e. chemo)
-Types of drug therapy (7) - -Acute
Maintenance (HTN/bc)
Supplemental (insulin)
Palliative
Supportive (IV fluid)
Prophylactic
Empirical (broad-spectrum abx)
-Idiosyncratic Effect - -Unexpected response to medication
-Tolerance - -Declining response to a drug
-Dependence - -Physiological/psychological need for a drug; needs drug for
normal function
-Addiction - -Compulsive use of a drug despite negative/dangerous effects
, -Drug interactions: drug-drug - -When 2 drugs compete for metabolizing
enzymes
-Drug interactions: food-drug - -Grapefruit juice or leafy greens
-Drug interactions: additive - -1+1 = 2; both provide intended effect
-Drug interactions: antagonistic - -1+1 = <2; less than desired effect of one
or both drugs
-Drug interactions: synergistic - -1+1 = >2; sum total effect is greater than
if given alone (i.e. lisinopril + HCTZ)
-Drug interactions: incompatibility - -1+1 does not equal 2; two IV drugs
given together causing decomposition of one or both drugs
-8 rights of medication administration - -Patient
Medication
Dose
Route
Time
Reason
Response
Documentation
-Adverse reactions: pharmacologic - -Extension of a drug's normal effect
-Adverse reactions: Allergic/hypersensitivity - -Exaggerated immune
response (i.e. mild itching to anaphylaxis)
-Adverse reactions: idiosyncratic - -Peculiar to the patient
-Adverse reactions: drug reaction - -Most complex, difficult to determine
-Teratogenic effects - -Causes birth defects
-Mutagenic effects - -Able to cause changes in genetic tissue
-Carcinogen - -Substances that can cause cancer
-Toxicology - -The study of adverse effects of chemicals and their
compounds on living organisms and tissues
-4 components of pharmacokinetics - -Absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
Questions and Answers
Pharmacokinetics - -The study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism,
and excretion in the body
"What the body does to the drug"
-Factors that affect drug absorption (5) - -Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
PH partitioning
-Factors that affect drug distribution (4) - -Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
-Pharmacodynamics - -The study of biochemical and physiologic effects of
drugs on the body and the molecular mechanisms by which those effects are
produced
"What the body does to the drug"
-Phamacodynamics: 3 mechanisms of action - -Receptor
Enzyme
Non-selective interactions (i.e. chemo)
-Types of drug therapy (7) - -Acute
Maintenance (HTN/bc)
Supplemental (insulin)
Palliative
Supportive (IV fluid)
Prophylactic
Empirical (broad-spectrum abx)
-Idiosyncratic Effect - -Unexpected response to medication
-Tolerance - -Declining response to a drug
-Dependence - -Physiological/psychological need for a drug; needs drug for
normal function
-Addiction - -Compulsive use of a drug despite negative/dangerous effects
, -Drug interactions: drug-drug - -When 2 drugs compete for metabolizing
enzymes
-Drug interactions: food-drug - -Grapefruit juice or leafy greens
-Drug interactions: additive - -1+1 = 2; both provide intended effect
-Drug interactions: antagonistic - -1+1 = <2; less than desired effect of one
or both drugs
-Drug interactions: synergistic - -1+1 = >2; sum total effect is greater than
if given alone (i.e. lisinopril + HCTZ)
-Drug interactions: incompatibility - -1+1 does not equal 2; two IV drugs
given together causing decomposition of one or both drugs
-8 rights of medication administration - -Patient
Medication
Dose
Route
Time
Reason
Response
Documentation
-Adverse reactions: pharmacologic - -Extension of a drug's normal effect
-Adverse reactions: Allergic/hypersensitivity - -Exaggerated immune
response (i.e. mild itching to anaphylaxis)
-Adverse reactions: idiosyncratic - -Peculiar to the patient
-Adverse reactions: drug reaction - -Most complex, difficult to determine
-Teratogenic effects - -Causes birth defects
-Mutagenic effects - -Able to cause changes in genetic tissue
-Carcinogen - -Substances that can cause cancer
-Toxicology - -The study of adverse effects of chemicals and their
compounds on living organisms and tissues
-4 components of pharmacokinetics - -Absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
