International Law Final 2023 with complete solution

Which statement is correct about human rights and international politics? Human rights issues have risen to greater prominence in international politics over the last century. Theorists in the radical tradition place emphasis on social and economic rights Which of the following is an example of civil and political rights freedom of speech Cultural relativism is the idea that different rights are relevant in different cultural settings States in the West are most likely to prioritize which rights political rights The first global human rights movement was the antislavery movement Which statement is true about slavery? Slavery is still a problem even in the world today What is referred to as the International Bill of Rights consists of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Which of the following is true of the UN Charter? It does not include a statement giving the UN a role in the protection of human rights. Which of the following is true of state actions to protect human rights in other states? States have not yet used force to protect human rights In general, states with what government type are most likely to abuse political and civil rights? autocracies There can be a tension between human rights and national security, as illustrated by what international law? The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allows states to revoke some rights when national security is threatened. What statement is correct about the relationship between economic conditions and human rights? States with deteriorating economic conditions may repress political rights as they seek to maintain authority. The Universal Periodic Review is an approach adopted by the UN Human Rights Council in which each state evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of its own human rights record. IGOs' efforts against South Africa's apartheid government were never implemented because of disputes among UN members Which of the following is true of the actions the United Nations has taken towards human rights protections? The UN has authorized the use of force to protect human rights in states without the consent of the governments concerned. Which of the following is true of the role of NGOs have played in the area of human rights? NGOS have been effective in helping to bring about substantive international laws protecting human rights Which of the following is true of human rights treaties? NGOS have played little to no role in the creation of human rights treaties, but they do help monitor actions regarding human rights. Intentional systematic killing of a group based on race, religion, or ethnicity is called genocide Which of the following is true of the crime of genocide according to international law? Intentionality is required, but what constitutes evidence of intentionality is not clearly defined. To be considered "genocide" under international law, how many people must be killed? No specific number is included in the definition. The Convention on the Prevention of Genocide was adopted in what year? 1948 During the war in former Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, the term ________________ was coined to mean working to remove all peoples of another group from their territory, but not necessarily killing them all. ethnic cleansing Which of the following is true about the mass killings by Serbs against Bosnians in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s? It is one of the few cases where the term genocide was used to describe a mass killing. If genocide is being committed, the Genocide Convention... requires the UN Security Council to refer the case to the International Court of Justice. Which of the following is true of the International Criminal Court? Even the heads of state and military leaders are not immune from its jurisdiction. What is one reason the US government has objected to the International Criminal Court? They argue that is infringes on US soveriegnty Some African states are critical of the ICC because the ICC docket disproportionately deals with African leaders In current International law, widespread and systematic rape is considered a crime against humanity Military action by states or the international community to alleviate massive human rights violations is known as humanitarian intervention Which of the following is true of the law of the sea? All islands and mainland that are part of the state's territory can generate territorial waters for a state, even those outside of twelve nautical miles from the mainland. Which of the following is true of China's actions in the South China Sea? An international court ruled that China violated international law with its actions, but China is not abiding by the decision. Arising from the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) was the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolution 2749, that the deep seabed should be preserved for peaceful purposes and is the "Common Heritage of Mankind." Give a critical analysis of the above statement in terms of its controversies: 1973 UNCLOS 3 Consequently, a third UN conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 3) was convened in 1973 to draw up a new comprehensive convention on the Law of the Sea After 9 years of difficult and slow negotiations, the text for UNCLOS III was adopted in 1982. It has been ratified by the developed countries except the U.S. over the establishment of The Seabed Authority. Ronald Reagan was President during the ratification of UNCLOS Regimes UNCLOS 3: Set the general principles emanating from there negotiations and agreements on certain issues, regimes are structures, agencies that provide the technical expertise needed to operationalize those principles. In other words, they provide organizational foundations for organizing, managing, and realizing the goals of the regime. Regimes evolve as circumstances change. New regimes are created. The Deep Seabed: In 1970, UN General Assembly Resolution 2749, the Declaration of Principles Governing the Seabed and Ocean Floor, was adopted and stated that the deep seabed should be preserved for peaceful purposes and is the "Common Heritage of Mankind" This was a great achievement for developing countries. According to the Maltese Ambassador Arvid Pardo, the concept of the common heritage of humanity challenges structural relationship between rich (N) and poor countries (S). This concept or phrase points to the fact that IL in the common heritage of humanity principle seeks to protect, respect and fulfill the interests of human beings independently of any politically motivated sovereign state. The concept covers all human beings no matter where they are and, also, future generations The International Seabed Authority See the controversies: The sharing of royalties and profits received by the Authority, for example-will be used for the benefit of mankind as a whole, with particular attention to the needs of developing countries. For developing countries, such financial benefits from the Authority would be realization of their quest for "New International Economic Order". But developed countries thought otherwise since they possess the technical-know-how and capital to exploit the seabed resources Market Justice Some scholars believe a society's (or states) values can determine choices made at the international level. For example, in the US it is impossible to ignore how the commonly accepted notion of "market-justice" determines the position of our diplomats at international conferences. The long-standing American emphasis on individualism, limited government, free markets, and self-interests have shaped conception of justice which essentially leaves nation-states alone in their struggle for scarce resources. Market justice models remains largely intact in Western ideology Social Justice Calls for responsibility of the N to the S Make amends, pay reparation, bridge economic inequality, collective responsibility of the North The South's argument as a prime example of the position that values-not only power-shape how the international community responds to issues.